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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Series Editor’s Preface
Preface
Author Biographies
Herfried Wöss
Adriana San Román Rivera
Pablo T. Spiller
Santiago Dellepiane
Contents
Table of Cases
International Arbitration and Court Cases
National Court Cases
France
Germany
Mexico
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Table of Legislation
International Treaties, Conventions, and Instruments
European Union
Arbitration Rules
Guidelines, Models, Standards and Conditions
National Laws
Argentina
Ecuador
France
Germany
Mexico
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela
Investment Treaties
Bilateral Investment Treaties
List of Abbreviations
Main Text
1 Introduction
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
2 Function, Role, and Importance of Damages Law
Preliminary Material
A Function of Damages Law
1 Compensatory function
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
a Full compensation principle
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
b Avoidance of over- and undercompensation
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2 Legal certainty and protection of legitimate expectations
2.21
a Economic benefit principle
2.22
2.23
b Performance principle
2.24
2.25
3 Preventive function
2.26
4 Punitive function limited to tort
2.27
B Economic and Social Role of Damages Law
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
3 The Complex Long-Term Contract
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
3.01
3.02
3.03
B The Development of Complex Long-Term Contracts
3.04
1 Historic overview
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
2 Guidelines and models for complex long-term contracts
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3 The role of project finance in structuring complex long-term contracts
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
C The Nature of Complex Long-Term Contracts
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
D Classification of Complex Long-Term Contracts
3.62
3.63
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
E Identification, Allocation, and Mitigation of Risks in the Preparation of Complex Long-Term Contracts
1 Identification of risk
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
2 Risk allocation
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
3.89
3.90
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.94
3.95
3 Risk mitigation
3.96
3.97
3.98
3.99
3.100
3.101
3.102
3.103
3.104
3.105
F Examples of Typical Complex Long-Term Contracts
3.106
3.107
3.108
1 PPP contracts
3.109
3.110
2 Turnkey construction contracts
3.111
3.112
3.113
3.114
3.115
3.116
3.117
3.118
3.119
3.120
3.121
3.122
3.123
3 Operation and maintenance agreements
3.124
3.125
3.126
4 Off-take sales agreements
3.127
3.128
3.129
3.130
3.131
3.132
3.133
3.134
3.135
3.136
3.137
3.138
3.139
5 Implications of risk allocation in take-or-pay modality or contract
3.140
3.141
3.142
3.143
3.144
6 Joint venture agreements
3.145
3.146
3.147
3.148
3.149
3.150
3.151
3.152
3.153
3.154
3.155
7 Conclusion
3.156
G Contract Guidelines and the Recovery of Damages
3.157
3.158
3.159
3.160
3.161
3.162
3.163
3.164
3.165
3.166
3.167
3.168
3.169
3.170
3.171
H Cases and Arbitrations Related to Complex Long-Term Contracts
3.172
1 Turnkey construction contracts of power plant projects
3.173
3.174
3.175
3.176
3.177
3.178
3.179
2 Processing plant turnkey construction project
3.180
3.181
3.182
3.183
3.184
3 Oil platform construction contract
3.185
3.186
3.187
3.188
3.189
3.190
3.191
3.192
3.193
3.194
3.195
3.196
3.197
3.198
3.199
3.200
4 Gas exploration and exploitation joint venture agreement in Turkmenistan
3.201
3.202
3.203
3.204
3.205
3.206
3.207
3.208
3.209
3.210
3.211
3.212
3.213
5 Joint venture agreement in the automotive industry
3.214
3.215
3.216
3.217
3.218
3.219
3.220
3.221
3.222
3.223
3.224
3.225
4 Damages Claims for Breach of Contract under Comparative and Transnational Law
Preliminary Material
A Requisites for Damages Claims under Different Rules of Damages Law: UK, USA, France, Mexico, Germany, CISG, and PICC
4.01
4.02
4.03
B United Kingdom
1 Principles for damages claims
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
2 Requisites for a damages claim
a Breach of contract
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
b Existence and classification of losses
4.20
4.21
i Classification of losses
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
ii Loss of a chance
4.31
c Causation
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
3 Measure of damages
4.36
a Expectation interest
4.37
4.38
b Performance interest
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
c Increasing the protection of performance interest
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.52
4 Limitations to damages claims
a Remoteness
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
b Mitigation
4.64
i Duty to mitigate
4.65
ii Minimizing loss
4.66
iii Not increasing loss
4.67
4.68
4.69
iv The tension between loss mitigation and performance interest
4.70
v Contributory negligence
4.71
5 Other aspects affecting the damages claim
a Date of the determination of the damages
4.72
4.73
b Level of evidence required and burden of proof
4.74
6 Penalties and liquidated damages
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
7 Construction contracts
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
8 Considerations
4.86
4.87
C United States
4.88
1 Principles of damages claims
a Full compensation for the actual loss
4.89
b Fairness
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
c Efficient breach
4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
2 Requisites for a damages claim
a Breach of contract
4.99
b Existence and classification of loss
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
c Reasonable certainty of loss
4.104
4.105
4.106
4.107
4.108
4.109
4.110
4.111
4.112
4.113
4.114
d Causation or proximate cause
4.115
4.116
4.117
4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
4.122
3 Measure of damages
4.123
a Expectation interest
4.124
b Reliance interest
4.125
c Restitution interest
4.126
4.127
d Measure of expectation interest
4.128
4.129
4.130
4.131
4.132
4.133
4.134
4.135
4.136
4.137
4.138
4.139
4.140
4.141
4.142
4.143
4.144
4.145
4.146
4.147
4.148
4.149
4 Limitations to damages claims
4.150
a Foreseeability
4.151
4.152
4.153
4.154
4.155
4.156
4.157
4.158
b Avoidance or mitigation of damages
4.159
4.160
4.161
5 Other aspects affecting the damages claim
a Date of the determination of the damages
4.162
b Level of evidence required and burden of proof
4.163
4.164
4.165
6 Penalties and liquidated damages
4.166
4.167
7 Special issues related to construction contracts
4.168
4.169
4.170
4.171
8 Considerations
4.172
4.173
D France
1 Principles for damages claims
4.174
a Pacta sunt servanda
4.175
4.176
4.177
b Full compensation or principle de réparation intégrale
4.178
4.179
4.180
4.181
4.182
4.183
4.184
4.185
4.186
2 Requisites for a damages claim
4.187
a Breach of contract
4.188
b Existence and classification of losses
i Loss
4.189
4.190
4.191
4.192
4.193
4.194
ii Damages caused to a third party
4.195
4.196
c Causality
4.197
d Fault
4.198
4.199
4.200
4.201
3 Measure of damages
4.202
a Cost of cure
4.203
4.204
4.205
4.206
b Difference in value
4.207
4.208
4.209
c Loss of a chance
4.210
4 Limitations to damages claims
a Foreseeability
4.211
4.212
4.213
b Contributory negligence
4.214
4.215
5 Other aspects affecting the damages claim
a Date of the determination of the damages
4.216
b Level of evidence required and burden of proof
4.217
4.218
4.219
6 Penalties and liquidated damages
4.220
7 Law reform
4.221
4.222
8 Considerations
4.223
4.224
4.225
E Mexico
4.226
4.227
4.228
1 Principles of damages claims
4.229
4.230
4.231
2 Requisites for a damages claim
a Breach of contract
4.232
4.233
4.234
4.235
b Existence and classification of losses
4.236
4.237
c Causality
4.238
4.239
4.240
3 Limitations to damages claims
a Causality
4.241
4.242
4.243
b Contributory negligence
4.244
4.245
4 Other aspects affecting the damages claim
a Date of the determination of the damages
4.246
b Level of evidence required and burden of proof
4.247
4.248
4.249
5 Penalties and liquidated damages
4.250
6 Considerations
4.251
F Germany
4.252
1 Law reform
4.253
4.254
4.255
2 Principles for damages claims
a Pacta sunt servanda
4.256
4.257
4.258
b Principle of total reparation and full compensation
4.259
c Unitary approach to non-performance
4.260
d Scope of protection of the norm
4.261
4.262
3 Requisites of a damages claim
4.263
a Breach of contract
4.264
4.265
4.266
4.267
b Existence and classification of losses
4.268
4.269
4.270
4.271
4.272
4.273
i Categories of damages
4.274
4.275
4.276
4.277
4.278
4.279
4.280
4.281
4.282
4.283
4.284
4.285
4.286
ii Loss of a chance
4.287
c Causation
4.288
4.289
d Fault
4.290
4.291
4.292
4 Measure of damages
4.293
4.294
4.295
4.296
a Expectation or performance interest
i Definition of expectation or performance interest
4.297
4.298
4.299
ii Value of the promised performance
4.300
4.301
iii Consequential damages and lost profits
4.302
4.303
4.304
4.305
4.306
4.307
4.308
4.309
b Reliance or negative interest
4.310
4.311
4.312
4.313
4.314
4.315
5 Limitations to damages
a Adequacy
4.316
4.317
b Contributory negligence and mitigation of damages
4.318
4.319
4.320
4.321
4.322
c Prohibition of enrichment
4.323
4.324
6 Other aspects affecting the damages claim
a Date of the determination of the damages
4.325
4.326
b Level of evidence required and burden of proof
4.327
4.328
4.329
4.330
4.331
4.332
4.333
4.334
4.335
7 Penalties and liquidated damages
4.336
8 Considerations
4.337
4.338
4.339
4.340
G CISG
4.341
4.342
4.343
4.344
1 Principles for damages claims
4.345
4.346
2 Requisites of a damages claim
a Breach of contract
4.347
b Existence and classification of losses
4.348
i Loss
4.349
4.350
4.351
ii Incidental losses
4.352
4.353
iii Consequential losses
4.354
iv Third party losses
4.355
v Loss of profits
4.356
4.357
4.358
vi Concrete valuation
4.359
c Causation
4.360
3 Measure of damages
a Expectation interest
4.361
b Reliance interest
4.362
4 Limitation of damages
a Foreseeability
4.363
4.364
4.365
b Mitigation
4.366
4.367
c Prohibition of enrichment
4.368
5 Other aspects affecting the damages claim
a Date of the determination of the damages
4.369
b Level of evidence required and burden of proof
4.370
4.371
6 Considerations
4.372
H UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)
4.373
4.374
4.375
4.376
4.377
4.378
4.379
1 Principles for damages claims
a Pacta sunt servanda
4.380
4.381
4.382
b Full compensation
4.383
4.384
2 Requisites of a damages claim
a Breach of contract
4.385
4.386
4.387
4.388
b Existence and classification of damages
i Harm sustained
4.389
ii Loss suffered
4.390
iii Gain deprived or loss of profit
4.391
iv Certainty of harm
4.392
4.393
v Loss of a chance
4.394
4.395
c Causation
4.396
3 Measure of damages
4.397
4.398
4 Limitation of damages
a Risk spheres
4.399
4.400
4.401
4.402
4.403
4.404
4.405
4.406
4.407
4.408
4.409
b Foreseeability
4.410
4.411
c Mitigation of harm
4.412
d No enrichment
4.413
5 Other aspects affecting the damages claim
a Date of the determination of the damages
4.414
4.415
b Level of evidence required and burden of proof
4.416
6 Penalties and liquidated damages
4.417
4.418
7 Considerations
4.419
4.420
4.421
8 CANACO Case 144 under PICC
4.422
4.423
4.424
4.425
4.426
4.427
4.428
4.429
4.430
4.431
I Systemic Aspects of Rules of Damages Laws
4.432
1 Measures of damages
4.433
4.434
4.435
4.436
4.437
4.438
4.439
4.440
4.441
2 Requisites and limitations to damages claims
4.442
4.443
4.444
4.445
4.446
3 Level of evidence and burden of proof
4.447
4.448
4.449
4.450
4 Date of the determination of damages
4.451
5 The protective effect of the norm, risk spheres, and the purpose of the contract
4.452
4.453
6 Conclusions
4.454
4.455
4.456
4.457
4.458
4.459
4.460
4.461
4.462
4.463
5 Analysing, Framing, and Proving a Damages Claim
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
5.01
5.02
B Relevant Characteristics of Complex Long-Term Contracts for Damages Claims
5.03
5.04
C Full Compensation as the Guiding Principle
5.05
5.06
5.07
D The But-for Premise as the Analytical Framework for the Damages Claim
5.08
5.09
1 Breach as the starting point when framing a damages claim
5.10
a Principal difficulties when determining the breach
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
b The effect of termination on the damages claim
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
2 The loss
a Determination of loss
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45
b Analysis of contingencies to reconstruct the hypothetical course of events
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
i Volume of gas
5.50
5.51
ii Transportation
5.52
iii Possible markets
5.53
iv Price
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59
5.60
3 Causation
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67
E The Measure of Damages
5.68
1 Expectation interest
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74
5.75
2 Reliance interest
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79
5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
3 Damnum emergens and lucrum cessans
5.86
5.87
5.88
5.89
5.90
5.91
5.92
5.93
5.94
4 Cost of cure
5.95
F Limitations
5.96
1 Foreseeability
5.97
5.98
5.99
5.100
5.101
5.102
5.103
5.104
5.105
2 Mitigation
5.106
5.107
5.108
5.109
5.110
3 Contributory negligence
5.111
5.112
5.113
5.114
5.115
G The Relevant Date for Valuation of Damages
5.116
5.117
5.118
5.119
5.120
H Other Conceptual Issues Related to Damages Assessment
1 Lost profits and lost value
5.121
2 Difference between lost income and loss of a chance
5.122
5.123
5.124
3 Effect of income taxes
5.125
4 Adjustment avoiding overcompensation
5.126
I Relevance of the Evidence Available and Burden of Proof
1 Breach and evidence
5.127
2 Causation and evidence
5.128
5.129
5.130
3 Quantum and evidence
5.131
5.132
4 Reasonable certainty of income
5.133
5.134
5.135
5.136
5.137
5.138
5.139
5.140
5.141
5.142
5.143
5.144
5 Reasonable certainty of loss
5.145
5.146
6 Business plans and projections to evidence the difference in value under the but-for premise
5.147
5.148
5.149
5.150
7 Negative inference
5.151
J Role of the Experts
5.152
5.153
5.154
5.155
5.156
5.157
5.158
5.159
5.160
5.161
5.162
K Particularities of Damages Claims in Investment Arbitration
5.163
1 Damages claims in investment arbitration arising under complex long-term contracts
5.164
a Violation amounting to international tort
5.165
5.166
5.167
b Breach of contract protected by an umbrella clause
5.168
5.169
5.170
5.171
5.172
5.173
5.174
2 Chorzów as applicable in international customary damages law
a The relevance of Chorzów for investment arbitration
5.175
5.176
5.177
5.178
5.179
b Full compensation under the Chorzów formula
5.180
5.181
5.182
5.183
c Measure of damages under Chorzów and fair market value
5.184
5.185
5.186
5.187
5.188
5.189
5.190
5.191
5.192
5.193
5.194
5.195
d Relevant date for the determination of damages under the Chorzów formula
5.196
5.197
5.198
5.199
5.200
5.201
5.202
e Rationale of the Chorzów measure of damages
5.203
5.204
5.205
5.206
6 Valuation of Damages in International Arbitration
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
6.01
6.02
6.03
B The Economics of Public and Private Contracts
6.04
1 Sunk investments
6.05
6.06
2 Politicization of prices and governmental opportunism
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
3 Challenges when contracting with public agencies
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
4 Implications of public contracts for arbitration
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
C Principles of Compensation under the Chorzów Formula
6.24
6.25
D Causality and Completeness: The But-for Premise
6.26
6.27
6.28
1 The construction of but-for and actual scenarios
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
2 Example: CMS v. Argentina
6.34
E Investment vs. Contract Disputes
6.35
6.36
1 Fair market value
6.37
6.38
6.39
2 Market value
6.40
3 Two investors—two arbitrations
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44
4 Fair market value in commercial arbitrations
6.45
6.46
6.47
5 Application: fair market vs. market discount rates
6.48
6.49
6 Example: Sempra v. Argentina
6.50
6.51
7 Example: Enron v. Argentina and LG&E v. Argentina
6.52
F Date of Valuation
6.53
1 Historical damages and going-forward damages
6.54
6.55
6.56
2 Date of the award vs. date of the breach
6.57
6.58
6.59
3 Example: El Paso v. Argentina
6.60
6.61
6.62
6.63
6.64
4 To whom the windfalls
6.65
6.66
6.67
6.68
6.69
6.70
5 Factory at Chorzów’s three questions
6.71
6.72
6.73
6.74
6.75
6.76
6.77
6.78
6.79
6 Example: ADC et al. v. Hungary
6.80
6.81
6.82
6.83
G Avoiding Double Counting Damages
6.84
1 Double counting sunk costs and lost profits
6.85
6.86
6.87
6.88
6.89
2 Example: RDC v. Guatemala
6.90
6.91
3 Avoiding double counting while assessing damages under damnum emergens and lucrum cessans
6.92
H Loss of Income vs. Loss of Value
6.93
6.94
6.95
6.96
I Avoiding Undercompensating
6.97
1 The potential misuse of discount rates
6.98
6.99
2 Discount rate vs. internal rate of return vs. target rates
6.100
6.101
6.102
3 Example: Enron v. Argentina
6.103
6.104
4 Target rates vs. discount rates
6.105
6.106
5 Undercompensating via pre-judgment interest
6.107
6.108
6.109
6.110
6.111
6.112
6.113
6.114
6.115
6.116
6.117
6 Example: ConocoPhillips v. PDVSA
6.118
7 Example: Vivendi v. Argentina
6.119
6.120
8 Compensating for investments not made
6.121
6.122
9 Example: Siag v. Egypt
6.123
6.124
6.125
6.126
10 Example: Occidental Petroleum v. Ecuador
6.127
6.128
11 Uncertain environments
6.129
6.130
12 Example: LG&E v. Argentina
6.131
6.132
6.133
6.134
6.135
J Valuation of Damages
1 Overview
6.136
6.137
6.138
6.139
6.140
6.141
6.142
6.143
6.144
2 Approaches to valuation
6.145
a The Income Approach
6.146
6.147
6.148
i Discounted cash flow (DCF)
6.149
6.150
6.151
6.152
6.153
6.154
6.155
ii Example: Siag v. Egypt
6.156
iii Adjusted present value (APV)
6.157
6.158
6.159
6.160
6.161
iv Capitalized cash flow (CCF)
6.162
6.163
6.164
6.165
6.166
v Risks in the cash flow or in the discount rate
6.167
6.168
vi Incorporating pre-operational risks
6.169
6.170
b The market approach
6.171
6.172
6.173
6.174
6.175
i Market multiples from publicly-traded companies
6.176
a The metric
6.177
b Peer companies
6.178
6.179
6.180
6.181
c The use of control premium
6.182
6.183
6.184
ii Market multiples from comparable transactions
6.185
6.186
6.187
6.188
6.189
6.190
a Use of transactions prices in awards: Siag, Enron, Occidental , and EDFI
6.191
6.192
6.193
6.194
6.195
6.196
iii Stock market study and event studies
6.197
6.198
6.199
6.200
6.201
6.202
a The event study approach
6.203
6.204
6.205
6.206
6.207
6.208
6.209
b Example: Rompetrol N.V. v. Romania
6.210
6.211
6.212
6.213
c The asset or cost approach
6.214
6.215
6.216
iv Book value and adjusted book value
6.217
6.218
6.219
6.220
a Liquidation value
6.221
6.222
6.223
b Choosing the right approach
6.224
6.225
7 Interest, Currency and Exchange Rate Fluctuations, and Cost of Arbitration
Preliminary Material
7.01
A Interest as Damages
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
1 Pre-award interest
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
a Pre-award interest under the reliance interest
7.14
7.15
b Pre-award interest under the expectation interest
7.16
i Example A
7.17
ii Example B
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
iii Example C
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
2 Post-award interest
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
7.40
7.41
B Currency of the Award and Exchange Rate Fluctuations
7.42
7.43
7.44
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
C Cost of Arbitration
7.49
7.50
7.51
8 Conclusions
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.35
8.36
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
Further Material
Index
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Preface
From:
Damages in International Arbitration under Complex Long-term Contracts
Herfried Wöss, Adriana San Román Rivera, Pablo T Spiller, Santiago Dellepiane
Content type:
Book content
Product:
International Commercial Arbitration [ICMA]
Series:
Oxford International Arbitration Series
Published in print:
27 February 2014
ISBN:
9780199680672
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