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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Foreword
Preface
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
German legislation
Netherlands legislation
South African legislation
Swiss legislation
United Kingdom
United States legislation
International Instruments
EU legislation
Main Text
1 The Best Rules for Non-Intermediated Securities
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
B Terminology and Concepts
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
C Creation of Non-intermediated Securities
1.20
1.21
1.22
D Validity of a Transfer between the Parties
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
E Effectiveness of a Transfer against the Issuer
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
F Effectiveness of a Transfer against Third Parties
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
(1) Certificated securities
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
(2) Uncertificated securities
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
G Horizontal Priority Rules
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
(1) Horizontal general priority rules
(a) Certificated securities
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
(b) Uncertificated securities
1.64
1.65
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1.66
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
(2) Qualifications or exceptions
1.73
(a) Transfer not for value
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
(b) Judgment creditor or insolvency administrator
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
H Vertical Priority Rules
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
I Conflict of Laws
1.96
1.97
(1) Certificated securities
1.98
1.99
1.100
1.101
1.102
1.103
(2) Uncertificated securities
1.104
1.105
1.106
1.107
J Conclusion
1.108
2 Financial Collateral:
Preliminary Material
A Introduction: Development of the Markets and the Legislative Framework
2.01
(1) Lex mercatoria : two forms of collateralization
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
(2) Private law reform
2.06
2.07
(a) The European Union
2.08
2.09
2.10
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
2.11
2.12
2.13
(b) Geneva Securities Convention
2.14
2.15
(3) Regulatory law reform
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
(4) Further contents of this chapter
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
B Pre-Crisis Regimes Tested: Overcollateralization
(1) Introduction
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
(2) Title transfer and right of use devices compared
2.29
2.30
2.31
(3) The case of Lehman: overcollateralization from a legal policy perspective
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
(4) Independent amounts
(a) Introduction
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
(b) Independent amounts: factual and contractual aspects
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
(c) The position of the provider of independent amount collateral
2.45
2.46
2.47
(5) Overcollateralization: possible responses
2.48
(a) Private law responses
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
(b) Regulatory restrictions
2.55
2.56
2.57
(c) Leave the issue to the market?
2.58
(d) Concluding remarks
2.59
C Pre-Crisis Regimes Tested: Collateral and Resolution of Banks
(1) Resolution regimes
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
(2) Certain resolution instruments and collateralization
(a) Bail-in
2.66
2.67
(b) Partial property transfer
2.68
2.69
(c) Modification of contracts
2.70
(3) Constraints on the exercise of termination rights
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
(4) Resolution: the Financial Collateral Directive and the Geneva Securities Convention
2.75
2.76
D Concluding Remarks
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
3 On Close-Out Netting
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
B A Brief Analysis of Close-out Netting
(1) Introduction
3.08
3.09
(2) Three common elements
3.10
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(3) Three types of close-out netting
(a) Type A:‘close-out set-off’
3.11
3.12
(b) Type B: set-off of accelerated and converted obligations
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
(c) Type C: netting of replacement values
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
(4) Qualifications
3.23
3.24
3.25
C Principles, Policies, and the Practice of Close-out Netting
(1) Obstacles to enforceability of close-out netting
3.26
3.27
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3.28
3.29
3.30
(2) Master agreements and the single agreement concept
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
(3) Credit risk
3.35
3.36
3.37
(4) The interaction of market risk and credit risk
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
(5) Systemic risk
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
D Harmonization of Close-out Netting Regimes
(1) Introduction
3.52
3.53
3.54
(2) EU Banks Insolvency Directive
3.55
3.56
3.57
(3) EU Financial Collateral Directive and Geneva Securities Convention
3.58
3.59
3.60
(4) UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law
3.61
3.62
3.63
(5) Unidroit Principles on the Operation of Close-Out Netting Provisions
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
(6) Close-out netting and resolution: The future EU regime
3.71
3.72
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3.73
3.74
3.75
E Concluding Remarks
3.76
3.77
3.78
4 The Geneva Securities Convention and Uncitral Texts on Secured Transactions Compared
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
B Scope and Definitions
(1) Scope
4.05
(a) The Geneva Securities Convention
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
(b) The CARIT and the Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
(2) Definitions
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
C Creation and Third-party Effectiveness of Interests
(1) The distinction between creation and third-party effectiveness
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
(2) Third-party effectiveness of title transfers
4.38
4.39
(3) Third-party effectiveness of security and other limited interests
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
D Priority of Competing Interests
(1) Priority under the Geneva Securities Convention
(a) Interests acquired by credit to a securities account
4.45
4.46
(b) Interests acquired by a way other than a credit
4.47
4.48
4.49
(c) Title interests
4.50
(d) Interests acquired by another method under non-Convention law
4.51
4.52
(e) Non-consensual interests
4.53
(f) Interests in insolvency
4.54
(g) Subordination of priority
4.55
(2) Priority under the CARIT
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
(3) Priority under the Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69
(4) Priority: comparative remarks and suggestions
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
4.75
E Enforcement
(1) Enforcement under the Geneva Securities Convention
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
(2) Enforcement under the CARIT
4.82
(3) Enforcement under the Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
4.91
4.92
(4) Enforcement: comparative remarks
4.93
F Conclusions
4.94
4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
5 Transfer of Intermediated Securities and Legal Certainty
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
B Shortcomings of the Current Arrangement
5.06
(1) Too many intermediaries
5.07
5.08
5.09
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
(2) Differences in market practice and law increase cost
5.24
5.25
(3) Legal certainty
5.26
(4) A convention as a means to achieve legal certainty?
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
C Aims of the Geneva Securities Convention
(1) Recitals
5.31
(2) Reflection of these aims in the provisions of the Convention
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
(3) Common principles rather than reform
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
(4) Conclusions
5.54
D Impact of the Geneva Securities Convention on Legal Certainty
(1) Introduction
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
(2) Functional approach
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74
5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79
5.80
(3) Sources of law outside the Convention
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
5.87
(4) Conclusions
5.88
5.89
5.90
E What Would Work?
5.91
5.92
5.93
F TARGET2-Securities
5.94
5.95
5.96
5.97
5.98
5.99
5.100
5.101
5.102
5.103
5.104
G Concluding Remarks
5.105
5.106
5.107
5.108
6 Corporate Actions in the Intermediated System:
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
B Voting Rights
(1) Who votes?
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
(2) How do voting rights flow?
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
(3) Challenges in the exercise of voting rights
(a) The onus on investors to instruct intermediaries to vote on their behalf
6.18
6.19
6.20
(b) The intermediary cannot be compelled to appoint a proxy
6.21
6.22
6.23
(c) Split voting
6.24
6.25
(d) The record date differs from the actual voting date
6.26
6.27
(e) Processing errors and ‘lost votes’
6.28
6.29
6.30
(f) Limitation of voting rights in the case of collateral
6.31
(4) Challenges in cross-border voting
6.32
6.33
(5) Recommendations
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
C Income Distributions
(1) Introduction
6.40
6.41
6.42
(2) Who receives income?
6.43
(3) How does the income payment flow?
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47
6.48
(4) Challenges in the distribution of income
6.49
(a) Income payment errors
6.50
6.51
(b) Withholding taxes
6.52
(5) Challenges in cross-border income distributions
6.53
6.54
(6) Recommendations
6.55
6.56
D Requirements to Provide Information
(1) Why do issuers provide information?
6.57
6.58
6.59
(2) What kind of information do issuers provide?
6.60
6.61
(3) How does information flow?
6.62
6.63
(4) Information disclosure challenges
6.64
6.65
(a) Identifying those targeted by the information
6.66
6.67
(b) Information processing
6.68
6.69
6.70
6.71
(c) Investment decisions based on corporate information
6.72
(d) Liability
6.73
(5) Challenges in cross-border information processing
6.74
6.75
6.76
(6) Recommendations
6.77
6.78
E Conclusion: Current Status and the Way Forward
6.79
6.80
6.81
6.82
6.83
7 Sufficient Securities, Segregation, and Loss Sharing
Preliminary Material
A Introduction and Terminology
(1) Introduction
7.01
(2) Terminology
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
B Causes of Imbalances
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
C Correction Methods
(1) Different possible correction methods
7.13
(a) Matching of credits and debits
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
(b) Reconciliation
7.18
7.19
(c) Reversal of erroneous book entries
7.20
7.21
7.22
(d) Use of an intermediary’s own securities
7.23
7.24
(e) Buy-in of securities
7.25
7.26
(f) Regulatory tools
7.27
(g) Shorter settlement cycles
7.28
(2) Approach envisaged in relation to EU securities law legislation
7.29
7.30
D Holding and Availability of Sufficient Securities
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
E Segregation of Securities
(1) Different types of segregation
7.39
7.40
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44
7.45
(2) Allocation and segregation under the Geneva Securities Convention
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.50
7.51
7.52
7.53
(3) Post-crisis developments
7.54
7.55
7.56
7.57
7.58
7.59
7.60
F Loss Sharing in Insolvency
7.61
(1) Loss sharing methods: mutualization or individualization?
7.62
7.63
7.64
7.65
7.66
(2) Loss sharing under the Geneva Securities Convention
7.67
7.68
7.69
7.70
7.71
7.72
7.73
7.74
(3) Four key policy questions in relation to loss sharing
7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.79
7.80
7.81
7.82
7.83
(4) Some further issues
7.84
7.85
7.86
7.87
7.88
G Conclusion
7.89
7.90
7.91
7.92
7.93
8 Harmonizing Insolvency Law for Intermediated Securities:
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
B Insolvency-related Provisions of the Geneva Securities Convention: An Overview
8.14
(1) Effectiveness of interests in intermediated securities in insolvency proceeding
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
(2) Loss sharing in insolvency proceeding of relevant intermediary
8.19
8.20
8.21
(3) Insolvency of operator or participant of securities clearing or settlement system
8.22
(4) Set-off
8.23
(5) Chapter V GSC: enforcement, top-up and substitution, and protection from avoidance
(a) Scope
8.24
8.25
8.26
(b) Recognition of title transfer collateral agreements
8.27
(c) Enforcement of security collateral agreement
8.28
(d) Protection of top-up and substitution in collateral provider’s insolvency proceeding
8.29
8.30
8.31
(e) Protection from insolvency law timing rules in collateral provider’s insolvency proceeding
8.32
8.33
(f) Opting out of Chapter V by declaration
8.34
C Account Holder Claims in Relevant Securities Intermediary’s Insolvency Proceeding
(1) Account holder priority: general
8.35
8.36
(2) Avoidance of loss, loss sharing and distributional rules, and asset recovery
(a) Ex ante avoidance of losses
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49
(b) Loss sharing, distributional rules, and account holder asset recovery
8.50
8.51
8.52
8.53
8.54
8.55
8.56
8.57
8.58
8.59
(3) Recent experience: Lehman Brothers account holders under English and US law
8.60
8.61
(a) LBI customer claims
8.62
8.63
8.64
8.65
8.66
8.67
(b) LBIE client asset and client money claims
8.68
8.69
8.70
8.71
(c) Lessons learned from LBI
8.72
(i) Corporate group structure and planning
8.73
8.74
8.75
8.76
8.77
8.78
8.79
8.80
8.81
8.82
8.83
(ii) Legal issues and reforms
(aa) Plan requirement
8.84
(bb) Margin, deposits, collateral, and customer securities held by third parties
8.85
(cc) Balancing interests of clearing banks, clearinghouses, and participants with interests of customers
8.86
(dd) Additional findings by the court
8.87
(ee) Multiple funds of customer property
8.88
(ff) Moderating the safe harbours and adjusting the treatment of close-outs
8.89
(gg) Additional reforms for SIFIs: a role for a trustee in broker-dealer insolvencies
8.90
8.91
(d) Lessons learned from LBIE
(i) Corporate group structure and planning
8.92
(ii) Legal issues and reforms
8.93
8.94
8.95
8.96
8.97
8.98
(aa) Increased regulatory requirements
8.99
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(bb) Review of client asset regime
8.100
8.101
8.102
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(cc) Special administration regime
8.103
8.104
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
8.105
8.106
8.107
8.108
8.109
8.110
8.111
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
8.112
8.113
(i)
(ii)
8.114
8.115
D Selected Additional Issues
(1) Nature of a securities intermediary’s insolvency proceeding: liquidation, reorganization, and other alternatives
8.116
8.117
(2) Automatic stay, avoidance powers, set-off, and close-out netting: safe harbour protections
8.118
8.119
8.120
8.121
E Conclusion
8.122
8.123
8.124
8.125
9 Regulation, Supervision, and Oversight
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
9.01
9.02
9.03
B Function and Scope of Regulation, Supervision, and Oversight
(1) Regulated activities
9.04
9.05
9.06
(2) Regulatory policy objectives
9.07
(a) Investor protection
9.08
(b) Safety and efficiency
9.09
9.10
9.11
(c) Financial stability
9.12
9.13
(3) The role of international standards
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
(4) Supervision and oversight of central securities depositories and securities settlement systems
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24
(5) Supervision of intermediaries
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29
9.30
(6) Recovery and resolution regimes
9.31
(7) Cooperation and coordination of authorities
9.32
9.33
9.34
9.35
9.36
C Requirements for Central Securities Depositories and Securities Settlement Systems
9.37
(1) CPSS-IOSCO principles for financial market infrastructures
9.38
9.39
9.40
9.41
9.42
9.43
9.44
9.45
9.46
(a) Scope
9.47
(i) Central securities depositories
9.48
(ii) Securities settlement systems
9.49
(b) Governance and access
9.50
(i) Governance
9.51
9.52
9.53
(ii) Access and participation
9.54
9.55
9.56
(c) Risk management
9.57
(i) Legal risk
9.58
9.59
9.60
9.61
(ii) Credit and liquidity risk
9.62
9.63
9.64
(iii) Custody risk and segregation
9.65
9.66
9.67
9.68
9.69
9.70
(iv) Collateral and money settlement
9.71
9.72
(v) General business and operational risk
9.73
9.74
9.75
(2) Disclosure framework
9.76
9.77
9.78
(3) Resolution regime for central securities depositories and securities settlement systems
9.79
9.80
9.81
9.82
9.83
9.84
D Market-wide Recommendations and Requirements for Intermediaries
9.85
9.86
(1) Geneva Securities Convention
9.87
9.88
(2) Client asset protection
9.89
9.90
(a) IOSCO high-level principles
9.91
9.92
(b) IOSCO Recommendations Regarding the Protection of Client Assets
9.93
9.94
9.95
9.96
9.97
(c) FSB guidance on client assets protection in resolution
9.98
9.99
9.100
9.101
9.102
9.103
(3) Market-wide recommendations for securities settlement
9.104
9.105
(a) Trade confirmations and settlement cycles
9.106
9.107
9.108
(b) Book-entry securities and protection of customers’ securities
9.109
9.110
(c) Further recommendations
9.111
9.112
9.113
(4) Requirements for repos and securities lending
9.114
9.115
9.116
9.117
9.118
9.119
9.120
9.121
9.122
E Concluding Remarks
9.123
9.124
9.125
9.126
10 Conflict of Laws Rules
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
10.01
B Internationality of a Situation Involving Intermediated Securities
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
C History of the Hague Securities Convention
(1) Object of the Hague Securities Convention
10.06
10.07
10.08
(2) Status of the Hague Securities Convention
10.09
10.10
10.11
D Scope of the Hague Securities Convention
10.12
(1) Definition of ‘securities held with an intermediary’
10.13
10.14
(2) Issues falling within the scope of the Hague Securities Convention
10.15
10.16
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
10.17
10.18
(3) Issues excluded from the scope of the Hague Securities Convention
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.22
E Choice of Law as the Primary Rule
10.23
10.24
(1) Law designated by the parties to an account agreement
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
(2) Requirement of qualifying office
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.34
10.35
10.36
F Fall-back Rules
10.37
10.38
(1) Law of the place of the relevant intermediary’s office
10.39
(2) Law under which the relevant intermediary is incorporated or otherwise organized
10.40
(3) Law of the relevant intermediary’s principal place of business
10.41
G Factors to be Disregarded When Determining the Applicable Law
10.42
10.43
H Third-party Rights
10.44
(1) Change of the applicable law
10.45
10.46
10.47
10.48
(2) Opening insolvency proceedings
10.49
10.50
10.51
I Relationship between the Hague Securities Convention and the Geneva Securities Convention
10.52
(1) Sphere of application of the Geneva Securities Convention
10.53
10.54
10.55
10.56
(2) Interaction between the Hague Securities Convention and the Geneva Securities Convention
10.57
10.58
10.59
10.60
10.61
10.62
(3) Consistency of the two instruments: The ‘tier-by-tier approach’ as the building block
10.63
10.64
10.65
J Problems of the Hague Securities Convention: The European Debate
10.66
(1) Status quaestionis
10.67
10.68
10.69
10.70
10.71
10.72
10.73
10.74
10.75
10.76
10.77
(2) Substantive debate
10.78
(a) Protection of third party rights
10.79
(i) Transparency
10.80
10.81
10.82
(ii) Abuse
10.83
10.84
10.85
(b) Interaction with substantive law
10.86
10.87
10.88
10.89
10.90
10.91
10.92
10.93
(c) Interaction with public law
10.94
10.95
(d) Diversity of laws in securities settlement systems
10.96
10.97
(3) The way forward
10.98
10.99
10.100
10.101
10.102
Further Material
Bibliography
Index
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List of Abbreviations
Edited By: Thomas Keijser
From:
Transnational Securities Law
Edited By: Thomas Keijser
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Financial Law [FBL]
Published in print:
01 March 2014
ISBN:
9780199677863
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3.238.125.76