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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Dedication Page
Preface
Contents—Summary
Contents
About the authors
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
United Kingdom
Primary Legislation
Secondary Legislation
United States
Table of European Legislation
Treaties
Regulations
Directives
Table of FCA and other Rules
List of abbreviations
Main Text
1 Evolving Regulation
Preliminary Material
A Background
(1) Introduction
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
(2) The broad scope of the new ‘civil offence’
1.05
1.06
B The Evolution of Market Abuse Regulation
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
C Implementation of the EU Directive
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
D The EU Market Abuse Regulation
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
E International Complications
1.38
1.39
1.40
F Other Uncertainties
1.41
G The Approach of the Book
1.42
(1) UK market abuse regime
1.43
(2) The move to principles-based enforcement
1.44
1.45
1.46
(3) US jurisdictional reach
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
2 Promoting Market Integrity
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
2.01
(1) The duties of market participants
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
B UK Regulation of Market Abuse
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
C The Origins of the Standard of Fairness
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
D The EU Market Abuse Regulation
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
(1) The role of regulatory ambiguity
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
E Conclusion
2.48
2.49
2.50
3 Defining Market Abuse
Preliminary Material
A Genesis of Market Abuse
(1) Historic framework
3.01
(2) Pre-Directive definitions of market abuse
3.02
3.03
(3) The post-Directive era
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
(4) Post-Regulation
3.14
3.15
B Defining ‘Behaviour’?
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
C Scope of UK Market Abuse Regulation
3.29
3.30
D Conclusions on Defining Market Abuse?
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
4 Insider Dealing
Preliminary Material
A Insider Dealing under the Market Abuse Regulation
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
B Inside Information Defined
4.05
4.06
4.07
(1) Precise information
4.08
C Case Examples on Inside Information
(1) The Hannam case
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
(2) Not made public
4.13
(3) Reasonable expectations
4.14
4.15
(4) Effect on price
4.16
(5) Reasonable investor
4.17
4.18
4.19
(6) The role of regulatory ambiguity
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
D Financial Instruments
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
E Energy, Commodities, Emission Allowances
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
F Conclusions on Insider Dealing
4.45
4.46
4.47
5 Market Manipulation
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
5.01
B Manipulative Behaviour
5.02
C Safe Harbour: Accepted Market Practices
5.03
5.04
D Indicators of Manipulation
(1) Manipulating transactions as market abuse
5.05
5.06
E FCA on Market Manipulation
5.07
5.08
5.09
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
(1) Manipulating transaction examples
5.14
(2) Abusive squeeze example
5.15
5.16
(3) Conduct which may not be ‘abusive’ squeezes
5.17
(4) Illegitimate trade
5.18
5.19
5.20
(5) Legitimate trade
5.21
5.22
(6) Stock lending
5.23
(7) Price positioning
5.24
5.25
(8) Manipulating devices as market abuse
5.26
5.27
5.28
(9) Regulation of producing and disseminating investment recommendations
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
F Some Thoughts on Market Manipulation
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
6 Interpretation
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
6.01
6.02
6.03
B The Market Conduct Handbook and the Regulation
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
(1) Guidance provisions
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
C ‘Likely’
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
D Conclusion
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
7 Scope of Coverage
Preliminary Material
A The Reach of the Market Abuse Regime
7.01
B Which Products are Covered?
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
C Which ‘Markets’ are Covered?
7.16
D Geographical Reach
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
E Conclusions
7.23
7.24
7.25
8 Judging Behaviour
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
8.01
8.02
8.03
(1) Who is the ‘actor’ whose conduct is judged?
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
The role of intent
8.08
8.09
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
FCA regulation of issuers
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
Intermediaries and suspicious transactions
8.26
8.27
Journalists’ conduct
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
B Who Judges Behaviour?
8.34
8.35
8.36
(1) Competent authorities
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49
8.50
8.51
8.52
(2) The Regulatory Decisions Committee
8.53
8.54
8.55
(3) Other regulators
8.56
8.57
(4) Overseas markets
8.58
(5) Operating arrangements with Regulated Markets
8.59
8.60
8.61
8.62
8.63
8.64
8.65
(6) The Panel on Takeovers and Mergers
8.66
8.67
8.68
8.69
8.70
8.71
8.72
8.73
8.74
(7) The reasonable investor
8.75
8.76
9 Enforcement Procedure
Preliminary Material
A Enforcement in the UK
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
B FCA Market Abuse Enforcement Powers
9.06
(1) Information gathering
9.07
9.08
9.09
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
(2) Skilled persons reports
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
(3) General investigations
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24
(4) Search warrants
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
C Basic FCA Enforcement Policy
9.29
9.30
9.31
9.32
D The Enforcement Referral Decision
9.33
9.34
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
E Post-referral Investigation
9.40
9.41
9.42
9.43
9.44
9.45
9.46
F Informal Disciplinary Action
9.47
9.48
G Formal Disciplinary Action
9.49
9.50
9.51
9.52
H The Regulatory Decisions Committee
9.53
9.54
9.55
9.56
9.57
9.58
I Settlement
9.59
9.60
J Private Actions
9.61
9.62
9.63
K Complaints to the FCA
9.64
9.65
9.66
9.67
9.68
9.69
9.70
9.71
10 Penalties and Sanctions
Preliminary Material
10.01
10.02
10.03
A Administrative Sanctions
10.04
10.05
B Administrative Measures
10.06
C Financial Penalties
10.07
10.08
D DEPP—Whether to Take Disciplinary Action
10.09
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
E Step 1—Disgorgement
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
F Step 2—The Seriousness of the Market Abuse
10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.31
G Step 3—Mitigating and Aggravating Factors
10.32
10.33
H Step 4—Adjustment for Deterrence
10.34
I Step 5—Settlement Discount
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.38
J Statement of Censure
10.39
10.40
K Private Warnings
10.41
L Administrative Measures
10.42
(1) Cancellation of a part 4A permission
10.43
10.44
(2) Variation of a part 4A permission
10.45
(3) Withdrawal of approval
10.46
10.47
10.48
(4) Prohibition of individuals
10.49
10.50
10.51
10.52
10.53
(5) Injunctions
10.54
10.55
10.56
10.57
10.58
10.59
10.60
10.61
10.62
10.63
10.64
(6) Restitution and redress
10.65
10.66
10.67
10.68
10.69
10.70
10.71
10.72
10.73
10.74
10.75
10.76
10.77
11 Defences
Preliminary Material
A Types of Defences—General Considerations
11.01
B Particular Defences—Detailed Considerations
(1) Compliance with regulatory rules
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
C Safe Harbours and Exemptions
11.08
11.09
(1) Share buy-back programmes and new issue price stabilization
11.10
(2) Share buy-back programmes
11.11
11.12
11.13
(3) Stabilization
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
D Evidential Defences
(1) General comments
11.18
11.19
11.20
11.21
(2) ‘Old safe harbours’—guidance from the past
11.22
11.23
11.24
11.25
(3) Dealing or arranging required for other reasons
11.26
(4) Dealing or arranging not based on information
11.27
11.28
(5) Trading information, takeover bids, and other market operations
11.29
11.30
11.31
11.32
11.33
11.34
(6) Underwriting agreements
11.35
(7) Chinese walls
11.36
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
11.41
11.42
11.43
11.44
11.45
11.46
11.47
12 Hearings and Appeals
Preliminary Material
A Financial Services and Markets Tribunal
(1) Outline
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
(2) The structure of the Tribunal
12.06
12.07
12.08
12.09
12.10
12.11
12.12
(3) Procedure before the Tribunal
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
12.24
B Tribunal Rules
(1) Preliminary matters
Reference notice
12.25
12.26
12.27
Regulator’s statement of case
12.28
Applicant’s reply
12.29
12.30
12.31
Secondary disclosure by the regulator
12.32
Exceptions to disclosure
12.33
12.34
12.35
Applications and directions
12.36
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
Particular types of directions
12.41
Filing of subsequent notices
12.42
Summoning witnesses
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
Preliminary hearing
12.47
12.48
Withdrawal of unopposed reference
12.49
12.50
References by third parties
12.51
12.52
12.53
12.54
12.55
12.56
12.57
12.58
12.59
12.60
12.61
12.62
12.63
12.64
C Hearings
12.65
(1) Representation at hearings
12.66
(2) Procedure at hearings
12.67
(3) Decisions of the Tribunal
12.68
(4) Costs
12.69
(5) Review of the Tribunal’s decision
12.70
(6) Appeals from the Tribunal
12.71
12.72
12.73
12.74
12.75
(7) Miscellaneous rules
12.76
13 Criminal Law
Preliminary Material
A Background
13.01
13.02
B Relation to Existing Criminal Law
13.03
13.04
13.05
13.06
13.07
C Proceedings by the FCA
(1) Market abuse
13.08
(2) Criminal proceedings
13.09
13.10
13.11
D Compatibility with the Human Rights Act 1998
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
13.17
13.18
13.19
13.20
13.21
13.22
13.23
13.24
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
13.35
E An Overview of Criminal Prosecutions
13.36
13.37
13.38
13.39
13.40
F Conclusions
13.41
13.42
13.43
14 Market Abuse Cases
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
14.01
14.02
14.03
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.08
(1) Note on FSMA, s 118 and the Market Abuse Regulation
14.09
B Selected Regulatory Decisions
(1) Robert Middlemiss
14.10
14.11
(2) Arif Mohammed
14.12
14.13
(3) Peter Bracken
14.14
14.15
(4) Michael Thomas Davies
14.16
14.17
14.18
(5) Shell
14.19
14.20
14.21
14.22
14.23
(6) Evolution Beeson Gregory and Christopher Potts
14.24
14.25
14.26
(7) Robin Mark Hutchings
14.27
14.28
14.29
14.30
14.31
14.32
14.33
14.34
(8) Jason Smith
14.35
14.36
14.37
14.38
14.39
(9) Indigo Capital LLC and Robert Johan Henri Bonnier
14.40
14.41
14.42
14.43
14.44
14.45
14.46
14.47
(10) David Isaacs
14.48
14.49
14.50
14.51
14.52
(11) Jonathan Malins
14.53
14.54
14.55
14.56
14.57
14.58
14.59
14.60
14.61
14.62
(12) GLG Partners LP and Philippe Jabré
14.63
14.64
(13) Sean Pignatelli
14.65
(14) Woolworths Group plc
14.66
14.67
14.68
(15) Stewart McKegg
14.69
(16) Boyen and Boyen
14.70
14.71
C The Benchmark Cases
14.72
14.73
14.74
14.75
14.76
(1) Barclays Bank plc
14.77
(2) UBS
14.78
(3) Other LIBOR penalties
14.79
14.80
14.81
(4) Foreign Exchange, Commodities, and ISDAfix
14.82
(5) The regulatory response
14.83
14.84
14.85
D Observations
14.86
14.87
14.88
14.89
15 US Jurisdiction
Preliminary Material
A Why It Matters
15.01
15.02
15.03
15.04
15.05
B Principles of US Jurisdiction: An Overview
15.06
15.07
C Combinations and Conspiracies in Restraint of Trade
15.08
15.09
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
D Application of US Securities Laws to Non-US Transactions
15.14
15.15
15.16
15.17
15.18
15.19
15.20
E Commodity Exchange Act
15.21
15.22
15.23
15.24
15.25
15.26
15.27
15.28
15.29
15.30
15.31
15.32
F The Sarbanes–Oxley Act
15.33
15.34
(1) The extraterritorial applicability of SOX: overview
15.35
15.36
15.37
15.38
15.39
(2) Application of SOX with respect to specific titles
15.40
G Dodd-Frank
15.41
H Conclusion
15.42
15.43
15.44
16 Conclusions
Preliminary Material
A Market Abuse Regulation
16.01
16.02
16.03
16.04
B And Beyond
16.05
16.06
16.07
16.08
16.09
Further Material
Index
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Table of European Legislation
From:
Market Abuse Regulation (3rd Edition)
Edward J Swan, John Virgo
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Financial Law [FBL]
Published in print:
05 March 2019
ISBN:
9780198759256
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