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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface
Contents—Summary
Contents
Table of Cases
Table of International Treaties, Conventions, and Other Instruments
Table of European Union Legislation
Table of National Legislation
Australia
Germany
India
Italy
Malaysia
Roman Law
United Kingdom
United States
Main Text
1 Formation and the Concept of Agreement
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
B The Objective Theory of Contract and Formation
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
C The Concept of Agreement
1.17
1.18
1.19
D Contract Formation: An Issue of Fact or Law?
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
2 Offers and Invitations to Treat
Preliminary Material
A General Considerations
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
B Identifying an Offer
What constitutes an offer
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
Requirements of a valid offer
2.21
Commitment
2.22
(a) Weak words of commitment
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
(b) Words expressly denying a commitment
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
Certainty of terms
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
Specified addressees
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
Conclusion
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
C Communication of Offer
2.51
2.52
3 Termination and Revocation of Offers
Preliminary Material
A Termination
Introduction
3.01
Lapse of time
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
Delay in the communication of an offer
3.11
3.12
3.13
Death of the offeror or offeree
3.14
3.15
Failure of a contingency
3.16
3.17
Rejection and counter-offer
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
B Revocation of Offers
General rule
3.26
Need for communication
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
Practical problems with the general principle
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
Circumventing the general principle
3.38
Option contracts
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
The ‘firm offer’ concept
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
Estoppel and the protection of reliance
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
3.71
3.72
3.73
The two-contract approach
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
Modification of the rules applying to unilateral contracts
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
3.89
3.90
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.94
3.95
3.96
3.97
3.98
3.99
4 Acceptance
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
4.01
4.02
4.03
B Objective Theory
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
C Manner of Acceptance
Prescribed manner of acceptance
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
No prescribed manner of acceptance
4.17
4.18
Acceptance by conduct
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
Time of acceptance
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
D Who May Accept an Offer?
4.27
4.28
4.29
E Offeree Must Accept with Knowledge of the Offer
4.30
4.31
4.32
F Offeree Must Intend to Accept Offer
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
G Correspondence with Offer
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
H Acceptance Must Be Unequivocal
4.52
4.53
I Acceptance Must Be Communicated
Introduction
4.54
4.55
4.56
Offeror waiving need for communication
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
J Silence and Acceptance
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
K Instantaneous Communications and the Postal Acceptance Rule
Instantaneous communications
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
The postal acceptance rule
Introduction
4.99
4.100
4.101
Justification for the rule
4.102
4.103
When does the postal acceptance rule apply?
4.104
4.105
4.106
4.107
4.108
4.109
The postal acceptance rule in the United States
4.110
The postal acceptance rules under the Vienna Convention and Unidroit
4.111
4.112
The postal acceptance rule and revocation of acceptance
4.113
4.114
4.115
4.116
4.117
4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
L Standard Form Contracting and the ‘Battle of the Forms’
The ‘battle of the forms’ defined
4.122
The application of contract law principles to a battle of the forms
4.123
4.124
4.125
4.126
4.127
4.128
4.129
4.130
4.131
4.132
4.133
A different approach?
4.134
4.135
4.136
4.137
Conclusions
4.138
4.139
4.140
4.141
4.142
4.143
4.144
The American approach
4.145
4.146
4.147
CISG and Unidroit
4.148
4.149
4.150
4.151
4.152
5 Auctions and Tenders
Preliminary Material
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
A Auctions
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09
B Reserve Prices
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
C Tenders
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
6 Problems of Intention and Consideration in Online Transactions
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
B Intention and Consideration
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
C Is There an Offer?
6.13
Another challenge to objectivity—hypertext
6.14
What are the contents of the offer/contract?
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
D Is There Acceptance?
6.20
Method of acceptance
6.21
6.22
Offer prescribes the method of acceptance
6.23
6.24
6.25
Offer does not prescribe method of acceptance
6.26
Effectiveness of acceptance
6.27
Dispatch or receipt?
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
Defining ‘dispatch’ and ‘receipt’
6.37
6.38
6.39
7 Letters of Intent
Preliminary Material
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
A Cases Where the Letters of Intent Do Not Create a Contract
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
B Cases Where Letters of Intent Do Create a Contract
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
7.40
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.50
7.51
7.52
7.53
7.54
7.55
7.56
7.57
C Cases Where the Letters of Intent Have Some Legal Effect
Letters of intent followed by performance
7.58
7.59
D Letters of Comfort
7.60
7.61
7.62
7.63
7.64
7.65
7.66
7.67
E Agreements Imposing Obligations as to the Course of the Negotiations
7.68
7.69
8 Practical Aspects of Letters of Intent
Preliminary Material
A Letters of Intent—Some Practical Considerations
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
B Possible Ways of Delaying Legal Effect of Letters of Intent
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.10
C Letters of Intent and Partially Completed Negotiations
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
D Agreements to Negotiate in Good Faith
8.16
8.17
E Refusal to Negotiate
8.18
8.19
F Starting Work
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
9 Conditional Contracts
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
B The ‘Construction’ of ‘Subject to’ Clauses
9.07
9.08
9.09
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
C ‘Subject to Contract’
Introduction
9.15
The legal effect of a ‘subject to contract’ provision
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21
No intention to be bound
9.22
9.23
9.24
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29
9.30
9.31
9.32
9.33
9.34
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
9.40
9.41
Intention to be immediately bound and to perform when the time for performance accrues
9.42
9.43
9.44
9.45
9.46
9.47
9.48
9.49
9.50
9.51
9.52
9.53
9.54
Intention to be immediately bound but performance is suspended until a formal contract is executed
9.55
9.56
9.57
9.58
9.59
9.60
Intention to be immediately bound but contract to be replaced with a more formal document
9.61
9.62
9.63
9.64
D ‘Subject to Finance’
Introduction
9.65
9.66
The efficacy of ‘subject to finance’ clauses
9.67
9.68
9.69
9.70
9.71
9.72
9.73
9.74
9.75
9.76
9.77
The obligations of the buyer
9.78
9.79
9.80
9.81
9.82
9.83
9.84
9.85
9.86
9.87
9.88
9.89
9.90
E Other ‘Subject to’ Clauses
9.91
9.92
9.93
9.94
9.95
The obligations of the parties
9.96
9.97
9.98
9.99
9.100
9.101
9.102
9.103
9.104
9.105
9.106
9.107
9.108
9.109
9.110
9.111
9.112
9.113
F Time for the Occurrence of Contingency
9.114
9.115
G Waiver
9.116
9.117
9.118
9.119
9.120
9.121
9.122
9.123
9.124
9.125
9.126
9.127
9.128
9.129
9.130
9.131
9.132
9.133
H The Consequences of the Failure of a Condition
9.134
9.135
9.136
9.137
9.138
9.139
10 Denial of Legally Binding Effect
Preliminary Material
A Intention to Contract
Introduction
10.01
The use of presumptions
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
10.08
10.09
10.10
10.11
10.12
The presumptions and threshold intention
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
Consideration and intention to contract
10.18
10.19
Family and social agreements
10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
Commercial agreements
10.34
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.38
10.39
10.40
10.41
10.42
10.43
10.44
10.45
10.46
10.47
10.48
10.49
10.50
10.51
10.52
10.53
10.54
10.55
10.56
10.57
10.58
B Letters of Comfort
10.59
10.60
10.61
10.62
10.63
10.64
10.65
10.66
10.67
10.68
10.69
11 Certainty and Completeness
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
Formation and the relevance of certainty and completeness
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
Intention to contract
11.05
Overriding concern and principle
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
B Uncertainty
Introduction
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
Uncertain terms and illusory terms
11.20
Uncertainty and ambiguity
11.21
11.22
11.23
11.24
11.25
11.26
11.27
11.28
11.29
C Incompleteness
11.30
11.31
11.32
D Agreements to Agree and Agreements to Negotiate
Agreements to agree
11.33
11.34
11.35
11.36
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
11.41
11.42
11.43
11.44
11.45
11.46
11.47
11.48
11.49
11.50
11.51
11.52
11.53
11.54
11.55
11.56
11.57
11.58
Agreements to negotiate
11.59
11.60
11.61
11.62
11.63
11.64
11.65
11.66
11.67
11.68
11.69
11.70
11.71
11.72
11.73
11.74
11.75
11.76
11.77
E Methods by Which the Courts and the Parties Resolve Uncertainty and Incompleteness
Introduction
11.78
11.79
11.80
11.81
11.82
11.83
Standard of reasonableness
11.84
11.85
11.86
11.87
11.88
11.89
11.90
11.91
11.92
11.93
External standard
11.94
11.95
11.96
11.97
11.98
11.99
Performance and reliance
11.100
11.101
11.102
11.103
Terms of the contract
11.104
11.105
11.106
11.107
11.108
11.109
11.110
11.111
11.112
11.113
11.114
11.115
11.116
11.117
Terms to be implied in fact, law, or custom
11.118
11.119
11.120
11.121
11.122
11.123
Severance
11.124
12 Consideration
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
12.01
12.02
B History
Early history
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
12.08
12.09
12.10
12.11
The eighteenth century
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
C Function and Definition
12.17
12.18
D Adequacy of Consideration
12.19
12.20
12.21
E Nominal Consideration
12.22
12.23
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
F Consideration Must Be Sufficient
12.30
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
G Consideration Must Be Referrable to the Promise
12.36
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
12.41
12.42
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
12.47
H Consideration Must Move From the Promisee (But Not Necessarily to the Promisor)
12.48
12.49
12.50
12.51
12.52
I Past Consideration is Not Consideration
12.53
12.54
J Consideration Must Not Be Illusory
12.55
12.56
12.57
12.58
12.59
12.60
12.61
K Performing Existing Legal Duties
Duties imposed by law
12.62
12.63
12.64
12.65
12.66
12.67
Contractual duties
12.68
12.69
12.70
12.71
12.72
12.73
12.74
Promise to perform contractual duty to third party
12.75
12.76
12.77
12.78
L Part Payment of a Debt is Not Consideration for a Promise to Discharge Debt
12.79
12.80
12.81
12.82
M Exceptions to the Consideration Rules
12.83
12.84
12.85
12.86
12.87
12.88
12.89
12.90
N Estoppel
The meaning of estoppel
12.91
Types of estoppel
12.92
12.93
12.94
Promissory estoppel
12.95
12.96
12.97
12.98
12.99
12.100
12.101
12.102
12.103
12.104
12.105
12.106
12.107
12.108
12.109
12.110
12.111
12.112
12.113
13 Is There a Duty to Negotiate in Good Faith?
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
The issue
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
13.05
13.06
13.07
13.08
13.09
The genesis of the duty of good faith
13.10
13.11
13.12
13.13
13.14
Content of the duty
13.15
13.16
13.17
B The Role of Good Faith
Introduction
13.18
13.19
13.20
The preservative function
Introduction
13.21
13.22
13.23
13.24
13.25
13.26
Certainty of agreement
13.27
13.28
13.29
‘Subject to’ clauses
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
13.35
Pre-contractual liability
General
13.36
13.37
13.38
Liability in tort
General
13.39
13.40
Fraud and other vitiating factors
13.41
13.42
13.43
13.44
13.45
13.46
13.47
13.48
Breach of statutory prohibition
13.49
13.50
13.51
13.52
13.53
Liability under estoppel
General
13.54
Promissory estoppel
13.55
13.56
13.57
13.58
13.59
13.60
13.61
Liability in restitution
General
13.62
13.63
Unjust enrichment
13.64
13.65
13.66
13.67
Liability in contract
General
13.68
13.69
13.70
Collateral contract
13.71
13.72
Implied contract
13.73
13.74
13.75
13.76
Express promise to negotiate in good faith
13.77
13.78
13.79
13.80
13.81
13.82
13.83
13.84
13.85
13.86
13.87
13.88
13.89
Implied duty to negotiate in good faith
13.90
13.91
C Conclusion
13.92
13.93
13.94
13.95
13.96
14 Pre-Contractual Liability
Preliminary Material
14.01
A Liability in Contract
14.02
14.03
14.04
B Quantum Meruit
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.08
14.09
14.10
14.11
C Estoppel
14.12
14.13
14.14
14.15
14.16
14.17
14.18
14.19
14.20
14.21
14.22
14.23
14.24
14.25
14.26
Further Material
Index
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Table of National Legislation
From:
Contract Formation: Law and Practice (2nd Edition)
Michael Furmston, Gregory Tolhurst
Content type:
Book content
Product:
International Commercial Law [ICML]
Published in print:
20 October 2016
ISBN:
9780198724032
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