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Oxford Law Citator

Part XI Remedies for Breach of Contract, 44 Damages

From: Global Sales and Contract Law (2nd Edition)

Ingeborg Schwenzer, Edgardo Muñoz

Content type:: Book content

Product:: International Commercial Law [ICML]

Published in print:: 14 June 2022

ISBN:: 9780198871255

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Subject(s):: Avoidance of damages — Calculation of damages — Liquidated or agreed damages — Penalty clauses and damages — Delivery and damages — Exclusion or limit of liability — Price and damages — Remoteness and damages — Specific performance and damages — Types of loss and damages

(p. 618) 44 Damages

1. A. General 44.01
  1. I. Purposes of Damages 44.04
    1. 1. Compensation 44.06
    2. 2. Prevention 44.08
      - (a) Deterrence v Punishment 44.11
      - (b) Punitive Damages 44.13
      - (c) Disgorgement of Profits 44.15
  2. II. General Principles 44.18
    1. 1. Full Compensation v Over-Compensation 44.19
    2. 2. Economic Benefits v Performance Principle 44.22
    3. 3. Pecuniary v Non-Pecuniary Loss 44.33
      - (a) Line Drawing 44.34
      - (b) Moral Damages in Contract 44.37
2. B. Causation 44.42
  1. I. General 44.42
  2. II. Causation Doctrine 44.43
    1. 1. Natural Causality 44.46
    2. 2. Restrictions on Natural Causality 44.47
      - (a) Adequacy/Common Sense Approach 44.48
      - (b) Scope of Protection of the Breached Duty 44.50
  3. III. Intervening Events 44.51
    1. 1. Third Party Intervention 44.52
    2. 2. Act or Omission by the Aggrieved Party 44.54
3. C. Fault and Foreseeability 44.59
  1. I. General 44.59
  2. II. Fault 44.63
    1. 1. General 44.63
    2. 2. Notion of Fault 44.65
      - (a) General 44.67
      - (b) Attribution of Fault 44.72
    3. 3. Non-Conformity 44.77
  3. III. Foreseeability 44.85
    1. 1. General 44.91
    2. 2. Relationship to Fault 44.98
    3. 3. Specificities 44.101
      - (a) Relevant Persons 44.102
      - (b) Relevant Point in Time 44.104
      - (c) What Must Be Foreseen 44.106
4. D. Form of Compensation 44.109
  1. I. General 44.109
  2. II. Restitution in Kind 44.110
  3. III. Discretion of Parties and Adjudicators 44.112
  4. IV. Money 44.113
5. E. Categorization of Losses 44.118
  1. I. General 44.118
  2. II. Damnum Emergens and Lucrum Cessans 44.119
    1. 1. Terminology 44.119
    2. 2. Treatment of Lost Profit 44.120
  3. III. Expectation and Reliance Loss 44.124
    1. 1. Terminology 44.124
    2. 2. Availability 44.128
      - (a) Expectation Loss 44.129
      - (b) Reliance Loss 44.131
      - (c) Election Between Losses 44.134
  4. IV. Direct v Indirect Loss 44.138
    1. 1. General 44.138
    2. 2. Causality Approaches 44.141
    3. 3. Foreseeability 44.147
    4. 4. Degree of Fault 44.148
    5. 5. Statutory Definitions 44.149
  5. V. Incidental and Consequential Loss 44.150
    1. 1. Incidental Losses 44.151
    2. 2. Consequential Losses 44.153
6. F. Extent of Damages 44.156
  1. I. General 44.156
  2. II. General Non-Performance Loss 44.158
  3. III. Incidental Loss 44.161
    1. 1. General 44.161
    2. 2. Legal Costs 44.164
      - (a) General 44.164
      - (b) Recovery as Damages for Breach of Contract 44.166
  4. IV. Consequential Loss 44.170
    1. 1. General 44.170
    2. 2. Property Damage and Personal Injury to the Buyer 44.175
      - (a) Damage to Property 44.175
        
        (i) Damage to Other Property 44.175
        (ii) Damage to the Chattel Itself 44.182
      - (b) Personal Injury 44.183
    3. 3. Loss of Goodwill and Reputation 44.187
      - (a) General 44.187
      - (b) Approaches 44.190
      - (c) Measurement 44.195
    4. (p. 619) 4. Recourse for Liability to Third Parties 44.197
      - (a) Constellations 44.198
      - (b) Extent of Recovery 44.200
  5. V. Lost Profit 44.203
    1. 1. General 44.203
    2. 2. Lost Volume Cases 44.207
    3. 3. Loss of a Chance 44.211
7. G. Methods of Calculation 44.216
  1. I. General 44.217
  2. II. Concrete and Abstract Calculation 44.221
    1. 1. General 44.221
      - (a) Terminology 44.221
      - (b) Relationship of Calculation Methods 44.225
    2. 2. Concrete Calculation 44.228
      - (a) General 44.228
      - (b) Substitute Transactions 44.229
        
        (i) General 44.229
        (ii) Reasonableness of Substitute Transaction 44.231
        (iii) Avoidance of the Contract 44.236
      - (c) Repair 44.239
    3. 3. Abstract Calculation 44.240
      - (a) General 44.240
      - (b) Available Market 44.245
      - (c) Market Price 44.247
      - (d) Avoidance of the Contract 44.249
  3. III. Profit from Breach of Contract 44.250
8. H. Mitigation 44.252
  1. I. General 44.252
  2. II. Extent of Duty to Mitigate 44.256
    1. 1. General 44.257
    2. 2. Specific Examples of Mitigation Measures 44.259
      - (a) Substitute Transaction 44.260
      - (b) Dealing with Contract Breacher 44.263
  3. III. Consequences 44.265
9. I. Contract Stipulations 44.266
  1. I. Agreed Sums Payable upon Breach of an Obligation 44.266
    1. 1. General 44.266
    2. 2. Comparative Overview 44.267
    3. 3. Functions of Agreed Sums 44.271
      - (a) Securing Performance 44.272
      - (b) Compensation 44.273
      - (c) Liquidating Losses 44.275
      - (d) Effect of Limiting Liability 44.276
    4. 4. Protection of the Debtor 44.277
      - (a) Formal Requirements 44.278
      - (b) Limits Fixed by Law 44.280
      - (c) Unenforceability of Penalty Clauses 44.281
      - (d) Reduction of Excessive Sums 44.284
    5. 5. Relationship to Other Remedies 44.287
      - (a) Specific Performance 44.288
      - (b) Avoidance of Contract 44.291
      - (c) Damages 44.292

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Part XI Remedies for Breach of Contract, 44 Damages

From: Global Sales and Contract Law (2nd Edition)

Ingeborg Schwenzer, Edgardo Muñoz

(p. 618) 44 Damages