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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Summary Contents
Contents
Alphabetical Contents
Editors
Contributors
Table of Cases
Australia
Bangladesh
Brunei
People’s Republic of China
England & Wales
Hong Kong Sar
India
Indonesia
International
Japan
Republic of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Table of Legislation and Treaties
National Legislation
Australia
Bangladesh
Brunei
Cambodia
People’s Republic of China
Supreme People’s Court (SPC) Documents
Other Measures
England & Wales
Germany
Hong Kong Sar
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Republic of Korea
Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic
Macau Sar
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
United States
Vietnam
Treaties
Bilateral Investment Treaties
Table of Rules and Resolutions
Australia
Bangladesh
People’s Republic of China
Hong Kong Sar
India
Indonesia
International
Japan
Kazakhstan
Republic Of Korea
Macau Sar
Malaysia
Mongolia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
United States
Vietnam
List of Abbreviations
Main Text
Part I Northern Asia
1 Japan
A Introduction
(a) Overview
1.01
1.02
1.03
(b) Legal system
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
(c) History of arbitration
1.09
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
1.10
1.11
1.12
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
1.13
1.14
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
1.15
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
1.16
1.17
(v) Future developments
1.18
1.19
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) The lex arbitri
1.20
(ii) Secondary sources
1.21
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
1.22
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
1.23
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
1.24
(iii) Competence-competence
1.25
1.26
(iv) Separability
1.27
(v) Other key features
1.28
1.29
1.30
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
1.31
1.32
(ii) Proof of foreign law
1.33
1.34
1.35
(iii) Procedural law
1.36
1.37
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
1.38
1.39
(v) Choice of transnational law
1.40
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
1.41
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
1.42
1.43
(ii) Leading arbitration-related organizations
1.44
1.45
(iii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
1.46
1.47
(b) Caseload
(i) JCAA
1.48
1.49
1.50
(ii) JSE
1.51
(c) Arbitration rules of JCAA and JSE
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
(1) JCAA Rules
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55 JSE TOMAC Rules
(ii) Special features
1.56
1.57
(iii) Secondary rules
1.58
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
1.59
1.60
(b) Legal capacity
1.61
1.62
1.63
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
1.64
(1) Objective scope
1.65
1.66
1.67 Subjective scope
(d) Split clauses
1.68
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
1.69
1.70
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
1.71
1.72
1.73
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
1.78
(c) Whether to apply to the arbitral tribunal or to the courts
(i) Relative advantages and disadvantages
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
(d) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
1.83
1.84
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
1.85
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
1.86
(c) Stay of court proceedings
1.87
1.88
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
1.89
(e) Limitation periods
1.90
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
1.91
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
1.96
(ii) Equality of treatment
1.97
(iii) Right to be heard
1.98
(iv) Place of arbitration
1.99
(v) Language
1.100
(vi) Default by a party
1.101
(vii) Representation
1.102
1.103
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
1.104
1.105
1.106
1.107
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
1.108 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
1.109
1.110
1.111
1.112 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
(4) Choice of arbitrators
1.113
1.114
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
1.115
1.116
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
1.117
1.118
1.119
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
1.120
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
1.121
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
1.122
1.123
1.124
(2) Court involvement
1.125
1.126
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
1.127
1.128
1.129
(ii) Format
1.130
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
1.131
(ii) Production of documents
1.132
(iii) Specific requests for documents
1.133
1.134
1.135
(iv) Legal privilege
1.136
1.137
1.138
1.139
(v) Practicalities
1.140
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
1.141
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
1.142
(ii) Format
1.143
(iii) Practicalities
1.144
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
1.145
(ii) Party-appointed experts
1.146
1.147
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
1.148
(iv) Frequency and subject area
1.149
(k) Interlocutory applications
1.150
(l) Evidence
(i) Overview
1.151
(ii) Applicable principles
1.152
(m) Settlement
1.153
1.154
(n) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
1.155
(ii) Procedure and practice
1.156
1.157
1.158
1.159
(iii) Practicalities
1.160
1.161
1.162
1.163
(o) Confidentiality
1.164
H The award
(a) Types of awards
1.165
1.166
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
1.167
1.168
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
1.169
(c) Form and content
1.170
1.171
1.172
1.173
1.174
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
1.175
1.176
1.177
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
1.178
1.179
1.180
1.181
1.182
(e) Interest
1.183
1.184
1.185
1.186
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
1.187
1.188
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
(1) Arbitrators’ fees
1.189
1.190
1.191
1.192
1.193
1.194 Arbitral institution fees
(iii) Allocation of costs
(1) Applicable principles
1.195
1.196
1.197 Procedure and taxation
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
1.198
1.199
1.200
1.201
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
1.202
1.203
1.204
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
1.205
1.206
(ii) Scope
1.207
1.208
(iii) Case law
1.209
1.210
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
1.211
(b) Awards made in Japan and foreign awards
(i) Procedure and timeline
1.212
1.213
1.214
1.215
1.216
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
1.217
1.218
1.219
(iii) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
1.220
1.221
1.222
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
1.223
(b) Overview and history
1.224
1.225
1.226
1.227
1.228
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
1.229
1.230
(ii) Qualifying investor
1.231
1.232
1.233
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
1.234
1.235
1.236
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
1.237
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
1.238
1.239
1.240
1.241
(iv) Transferability
1.242
1.243
(v) Duration
1.244
1.245
1.246
(vi) Other protections
1.247
1.248
(e) Dispute resolution options
(i) Available options
1.249
1.250
1.251
1.252
(ii) ‘Fork in the road’ provisions
1.253
1.254
1.255
1.256
(f) Future trends
1.257
1.258
(g) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
1.259
1.260
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
1.261
(iii) Substantive protections
1.262
1.263
1.264
(iv) Dispute resolution options
1.265
1.266
(h) ICSID Convention
1.267
(i) Enforcement of awards against Japan
1.268
1.269
1.270
1.271
(j) Actual cases
1.272
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
1.273
1.274
(b) Optional riders
1.275
(i) Appointment process
1.276
(ii) Language
1.277
(iii) ‘Cross’ provision
1.278
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Model BITs
(d) Key publications
2 Republic of Korea
A Introduction
(a) Overview
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
(b) Legal system
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
(c) History of arbitration
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
2.18
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
2.19
2.20
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
2.21
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
2.22
2.23
(v) Future developments
2.24
2.25
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) The lex arbitri
2.26
(ii) Secondary sources
2.27
2.28
2.29
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
2.30
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
2.31
2.32
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
2.33
2.34
(iii) Competence-competence
2.35
2.36
(iv) Separability
2.37
(v) Other key features
2.38
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
2.39
2.40
2.41
(ii) Proof of foreign law
2.42
2.43
(iii) Procedural law
2.44
2.45
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
2.46
2.47
(v) Choice of transnational law
2.48
2.49
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
2.50
2.51
2.52
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitration institutions
2.53
2.54
(ii) Leading arbitration-related organizations
2.55
(iii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
2.56
2.57
2.58
(b) Caseload
2.59
2.60
2.61
(c) Arbitration rules of the KCAB
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
(ii) Special features
2.77
2.78
(iii) Secondary rules
2.79
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
2.80
2.81
2.82
(b) Legal capacity
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
2.90
2.91
2.92
(ii) Special cases
2.93
(d) Split clauses
2.94
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
2.95
2.96
2.97
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
2.98
2.99
2.100
2.101
2.102
2.103
2.104
2.105
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
2.106
2.107
2.108
2.109
2.110
2.111
2.112
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
2.113
2.114
2.115
2.116
2.117
2.118
2.119
2.120
2.121
2.122
2.123
2.124
2.125
2.126
2.127
(c) Whether to apply to the arbitral tribunal or to the courts
(i) Relative advantages and disadvantages
2.128
2.129
(ii) Practicalities
2.130
(d) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
2.131
2.132
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
2.133
2.134
2.135
2.136
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
2.137
2.138
2.139
2.140
(c) Stay of court proceedings
2.141
2.142
2.143
2.144
2.145
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
2.146
2.147
2.148
2.149
(e) Limitation periods
2.150
2.151
2.152
2.153
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
2.154
2.155
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
2.156
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
2.157
2.158
(ii) Equality of treatment and right to be heard
2.159
(iii) Place of arbitration
2.160
(iv) Language
2.161
2.162
(v) Default by a party
2.163
2.164
(vi) Representation
2.165
2.166
2.167
2.168
2.169
2.170
2.171
2.172
2.173
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
2.174
2.175
2.176
2.177
2.178
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
(1) Number of arbitrators
2.179
2.180
2.181
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
2.182
2.183
2.184
2.185
2.186
2.187
2.188
2.189
2.190
2.191
2.192
2.193 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
(4) Choice of arbitrators
2.194
2.195
2.196
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
2.197
2.198
2.199
2.200
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
2.201
2.202
2.203
2.204
2.205
2.206
2.207
2.208
2.209
2.210
2.211
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
2.212
2.213
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
2.214
2.215
2.216
2.217
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
2.218
2.219
2.220
2.221
2.222
2.223
(2) Court involvement
2.224
2.225
2.226
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
2.227
2.228
2.229
(ii) Format
2.230
2.231
2.232
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
2.233
2.234
2.235
(ii) Production of documents
2.236
(iii) Specific requests for documents
2.237
2.238
2.239
2.240
2.241
(iv) Legal privilege
2.242
2.243
2.244
2.245
2.246
2.247
2.248
(v) Practicalities
2.249
2.250
2.251
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
2.252
2.253
2.254
(i) Fact witnesses
(i) Overview
2.255
2.256
2.257
2.258
(ii) Format
2.259
2.260
(iii) Practicalities
2.261
2.262
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
2.263
2.264
2.265
2.266
2.267
(ii) Party-appointed experts
2.268
2.269
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
2.270
2.271
(iv) Frequency and subject area
2.272
(k) Interlocutory applications
2.273
2.274
2.275
(l) Evidence
(i) Overview
2.276
2.277
2.278
(ii) Applicable principles
2.279
2.280
2.281
(m) Settlement
2.282
2.283
2.284
(n) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
2.285
(ii) Procedure and practice
2.286
2.287
2.288
2.289
2.290
2.291
2.292
2.293
2.294
(iii) Practicalities
2.295
2.296
2.297
2.298
2.299
2.300
2.301
(o) Confidentiality
2.302
2.303
2.304
H The award
(a) Types of awards
2.305
2.306
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
2.307
2.308
2.309
2.310
2.311
2.312
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
2.313
(c) Form and content
2.314
2.315
2.316
2.317
2.318
2.319
2.320
2.321
2.322
2.323
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
2.324
2.325
2.326
2.327
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
2.328
2.329
2.330
(e) Interest
2.331
2.332
2.333
2.334
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
2.335
2.336
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
2.337
2.338
2.339
2.340
2.341
2.342
2.343
2.344
2.345
2.346
2.347
(iii) Allocation of costs
(1) Applicable principles
2.348
2.349
2.350
2.351
(2) Procedure and taxation
2.352
2.353
2.354
2.355
2.356
2.357
2.358
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
2.359
2.360
2.361
2.362
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
2.363
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
2.364
2.365
2.366
2.367
2.368
(ii) Scope
2.369
2.370
2.371
2.372
2.373
2.374
(iii) Case law
2.375
2.376
(c) Substantive challenges
2.377
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
2.378
(b) Awards made in Korea
(i) Procedure and timeline
2.379
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
2.380
2.381
2.382
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
2.383
2.384
2.385
2.386
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
2.387
2.388
(iii) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
2.389
2.390
2.391
2.392
2.393
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
2.394
2.395
(b) Overview and history
2.396
2.397
2.398
2.399
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
2.400
2.401
(ii) Qualifying investor
2.402
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
2.403
2.404
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
2.405
2.406
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
2.407
2.408
(iv) Transferability
2.409
(v) Duration
2.410
2.411
2.412
(vi) Other protections
2.413
(e) Dispute resolution options
2.414
2.415
2.416
(f) Future trends
2.417
(g) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
2.418
2.419
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
2.420
2.421
2.422
2.423
(iii) Substantive protections
2.424
(iv) Dispute resolution options
2.425
(h) ICSID Convention
2.426
(i) Enforcement of awards against Korea
2.427
2.428
2.429
(j) Actual cases
2.430
2.431
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
2.432
2.433
2.434
(b) Optional riders
2.435
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Resources
(i) Key publications
(ii) Key websites
3 People’s Republic of China
A Introduction
(a) Overview
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
(b) Legal system
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
(c) History of arbitration
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
3.17
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
3.18
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
3.19
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
3.20
(v) Future developments
3.21
3.22
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) The lex arbitri
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
(ii) Secondary sources
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
3.32
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
3.33
3.34
(ii) Foreign-related arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
(iii) Competence-competence
3.39
3.40
(iv) Separability
3.41
(v) Other key features
3.42
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
(ii) Proof of foreign law
3.47
3.48
3.49
(iii) Procedural law
3.50
3.51
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
(v) Choice of transnational law
3.58
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
3.63
3.64
(ii) Leading arbitration-related organizations
3.65
3.66
(iii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
3.67
3.68
(b) Caseload
3.69
(c) Arbitration rules of CIETAC
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
3.70
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
(ii) Special features
3.75
3.76
(iii) Secondary rules
3.77
3.78
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.87
(b) Legal capacity
3.88
3.89
3.90
3.91
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
3.92
(ii) Special cases
3.93
3.94
3.95
(d) Split clauses
3.96
3.97
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Introduction
3.98
3.99
3.100
3.101
(b) Court assistance
3.102
3.103
3.104
3.105
(c) Applicable principles
3.106
3.107
3.108
(d) Practicalities
3.109
3.110
3.111
(e) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
3.112
3.113
3.114
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
3.115
3.116
3.117
3.118
3.119
3.120
3.121
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
3.122
3.123
3.124
3.125
(c) Stay of court proceedings
3.126
3.127
3.128
3.129
3.130
3.131
3.132
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
3.133
3.134
(e) Limitation periods
3.135
3.136
3.137
3.138
3.139
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
3.140
3.141
3.142
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
3.143
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
3.144
3.145
3.146
(ii) Equality of treatment
3.147
3.148
(iii) Right to be heard
3.149
3.150
(iv) Place of arbitration
3.151
3.152
3.153
3.154
(v) Language
3.155
3.156
3.157
(vi) Default by a party
3.158
3.159
3.160
(vii) Representation
3.161
3.162
3.163
3.164
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
3.165
3.166
3.167
3.168
3.169
3.170
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
3.171 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
3.172
3.173
3.174
3.175
3.176 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
(4) Choice of arbitrators
3.177
3.178
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
3.179
3.180
3.181
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
3.182
3.183
3.184
3.185
3.186
3.187
3.188
3.189
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
3.190
3.191
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
3.192
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
3.193
3.194
3.195
3.196
(2) Court involvement
3.197
3.198
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
3.199
3.200
3.201
3.202
(ii) Format
3.203
3.204
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
3.205
3.206
3.207
3.208
(ii) Production of documents
3.209
3.210
(iii) Specific requests for documents
3.211
3.212
3.213
(iv) Legal privilege
3.214
3.215
(v) Practicalities
3.216
3.217
3.218
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
3.219
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
3.220
3.221
(ii) Format
3.222
3.223
(iii) Practicalities
3.224
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
3.225
3.226
3.227
3.228
3.229
(ii) Party-appointed experts
3.230
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
3.231
(iv) Frequency and subject area
3.232
(k) Interlocutory applications
3.233
3.234
(l) Evidence
(i) Overview
3.235
(ii) Applicable principles
3.236
(m) Settlement
3.237
3.238
3.239
3.240
3.241
3.242
3.243
(n) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
3.244
3.245
(ii) Procedure and practice
3.246
3.247
3.248
3.249
3.250
3.251
3.252
(iii) Practicalities
3.253
3.254
3.255
(o) Confidentiality
3.256
3.257
3.258
3.259
H The award
(a) Types of awards
3.260
3.261
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
3.262
3.263
3.264
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
3.265
3.266
(c) Form and content
3.267
3.268
3.269
3.270
3.271
3.272
3.273
3.274
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
3.275
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
3.276
(e) Interest
3.277
3.278
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
3.279
3.280
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
3.281
3.282
3.283
3.284
(iii) Allocation of costs
3.285 Applicable principles
3.286 Procedure and taxation
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
3.287
3.288
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
3.289
3.290
3.291
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
3.292
3.293
3.294
3.295
3.296
3.297
3.298
(ii) Scope
3.299 Domestic awards
(2) Foreign-related awards
3.300
3.301
3.302
(iii) Case law
(1) Shanxi Electric Machine v Paolino Castro
3.303
3.304
3.305
(2) Xianda v Daeil
3.306
3.307
3.308
3.309
(3) Expert Assets Limited/Resistor Technology Limited v Jiangsu Huayuan
3.310
3.311
3.312
(c) Substantive challenges
3.313
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
3.314
3.315
(b) Awards made in the PRC
3.316
(i) Procedure and timeline
3.317
3.318
3.319
3.320
3.321
3.322
3.323
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
3.324
3.325
3.326
3.327
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
3.328
(1) New York Convention awards
3.329
3.330
(2) Hong Kong awards
3.331
3.332
3.333
3.334
(3) Macau awards
3.335
3.336
3.337
(4) Taiwan awards
3.338
3.339
(5) Non-New York Convention State awards
3.340
3.341
(ii) Procedure and timeline
3.342
3.343
3.344
(iii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
(1) Overview
3.345
3.346
(2) Public policy
3.347
3.348
3.349
3.350
3.351
3.352
3.353
3.354
3.355
3.356
3.357
3.358
3.359
3.360
3.361
(iv) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
3.362
3.363
3.364
3.365
3.366
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
3.367
3.368
(b) Overview and history
3.369
3.370
3.371
3.372
3.373
3.374
3.375
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
3.376
3.377
3.378
(ii) Qualifying investor
3.379
3.380
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
3.381
3.382
3.383
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
3.384
3.385
3.386
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
3.387
3.388
3.389
3.390
3.391
(iv) Transferability
3.392
3.393
(v) Duration
3.394
(e) Dispute resolution options
3.395
3.396
3.397
3.398
3.399
(f) Future trends
3.400
3.401
(g) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
3.402
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
3.403
(iii) Substantive protections
3.404
(iv) Dispute resolution options
3.405
(h) ICSID Convention
3.406
(i) Enforcement of awards against the PRC
3.407
(j) Actual cases
3.408
3.409
3.410
3.411
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
3.412
(b) Optional riders
(i) Language of arbitration
3.413
3.414
(ii) Place of arbitration
3.415
(iii) Nationality of arbitrators and right to appoint arbitrator outside CIETAC’s Panel of Arbitrators
3.416
3.417
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Model and representative BITs
(d) Resources
(i) Key publications
(ii) Key website
Editors’ note: new cietac arbitration rules
4 Hong Kong SAR
A Introduction
(a) Overview
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
(b) Legal system
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
(c) History of arbitration
4.14
4.15
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
4.20
4.21
4.22
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
(v) Future developments
4.32
4.33
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) the lex arbitri
4.34
4.35
4.36
(ii) Secondary sources
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
4.41
4.42
4.43
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
4.44
4.45
4.46
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
(iii) Competence-competence
4.51
(iv) Separability
4.52
(v) Other key features
4.53
4.54
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
(ii) Proof of foreign law
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
(iii) Procedural law
4.64
4.65
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
4.66
4.67
4.68
(v) Choice of transnational law
4.69
4.70
4.71
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
4.72
4.73
4.74
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
4.75
(ii) Leading arbitration-related organizations
4.76
(iii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
4.77
4.78
(b) Caseload of the HKIAC
4.79
4.80
(c) Arbitration rules of the HKIAC
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
4.81
(ii) Special features
4.82
4.83
(iii) Secondary rules
4.84
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
(b) Legal capacity
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
4.95
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
4.96
4.97
(ii) Special cases
4.98
4.99
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
(d) Split clauses
4.104
4.105
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
4.106
4.107
4.108
4.109
4.110
4.111
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
4.112
4.113
4.114
4.115
4.116
4.117
4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
4.122
4.123
4.124
4.125
4.126
4.127
4.128
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
4.129
(c) Whether to apply to the arbitral tribunal or to the courts
(i) Relative advantages and disadvantages
4.130
4.131
(ii) Practicalities
4.132
4.133
4.134
4.135
(d) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
4.136
4.137
4.138
4.139
4.140
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
4.141
4.142
4.143
4.144
4.145
4.146
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
4.147
4.148
4.149
4.150
(c) Stay of court proceedings
4.151
4.152
4.153
4.154
4.155
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
4.156
4.157
4.158
4.159
(e) Limitation periods
4.160
4.161
4.162
4.163
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
4.164
4.165
4.166
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
4.167
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
4.168
4.169
(ii) Equality of treatment
4.170
(iii) Right to be heard
4.171
4.172
4.173
4.174
(iv) Place of arbitration
4.175
4.176
4.177
4.178
(v) Language
4.179
4.180
4.181
4.182
4.183
(vi) Default by a party
4.184
4.185
4.186
4.187
(vii) Representation
4.188
4.189
4.190
4.191
4.192
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
4.193
4.194
4.195
4.196
4.197
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
(1) Number of arbitrators
4.198
4.199
4.200
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
4.201
4.202
4.203
4.204
4.205
4.206
(3) Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
4.207
4.208
4.209
(4) Choice of arbitrators
4.210
4.211
4.212
4.213
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
4.214
4.215
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
4.216
4.217
4.218
4.219
(iv) Administrative and arbitrators’ fees
(1) Administrative fees
4.220
4.221
(2) Arbitrators’ fees
4.222
4.223
4.224
4.225
(v) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
4.226
4.227
4.228
4.229
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
4.230
4.231
4.232
4.233
4.234
4.235
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
4.236
4.237
4.238
4.239
4.240
4.241
(2) Court involvement
4.242
4.243
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
4.244
4.245
4.246
4.247
4.248
4.249
4.250
(ii) Format
4.251
4.252
4.253
4.254
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
4.255
4.256
4.257
4.258
(ii) Production of documents
4.259
4.260
(iii) Specific requests for documents
4.261
4.262
4.263
4.264
4.265
4.266
(iv) Legal privilege
4.267
4.268
(v) Practicalities
4.269
4.270
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
4.271
4.272
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
4.273
4.274
4.275
(ii) Format
4.276
4.277
4.278
(iii) Practicalities
4.279
4.280
4.281
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
4.282
4.283
(ii) Party-appointed experts
4.284
4.285
4.286
4.287
4.288
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
4.289
4.290
4.291
(iv) Frequency and subject area
4.292
(k) Interlocutory applications
4.293
4.294
4.295
4.296
(l) Evidence
(i) Overview
4.297
4.298
(ii) Applicable principles
4.299
4.300
(m) Settlement
4.301
4.302
4.303
4.304
4.305
(n) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
4.306
4.307
(ii) Procedure and practice
4.308
4.309
4.310
4.311
4.312
4.313
4.314
4.315
(iii) Practicalities
4.316
(o) Confidentiality
4.317
4.318
H The award
(a) Types of awards
4.319
4.320
4.321
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
4.322
4.323
4.324
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
4.325
(c) Form and content
4.326
4.327
4.328
4.329
4.330
4.331
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
4.332
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
4.333
4.334
(e) Interest
4.335
4.336
4.337
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
4.338
4.339
4.340
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
4.341
4.342
4.343
4.344
(iii) Allocation of costs
(1) Applicable principles
4.345
4.346
4.347
(2) Procedure and taxation
4.348
4.349
4.350
4.351
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
4.352
4.353
4.354
4.355
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
4.356
4.357
4.358
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
4.359
4.360
4.361
4.362
(ii) Scope
4.363
(iii) Case law
4.364
4.365
4.366
4.367
4.368
4.369
4.370
4.371
(c) Substantive challenges
4.372
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
4.373
(b) Enforcement of orders
4.374
4.375
(c) Awards made in Hong Kong
(i) Procedure and timeline
4.376
4.377
4.378
4.379
4.380
4.381
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
4.382
(d) Awards made outside Hong Kong
(i) Overview
4.383
(1) New York Convention awards (excluding the PRC)
4.384
4.385
4.386
(2) Awards made in the PRC
4.387
4.388
4.389
4.390 Non-New York Convention States
(ii) Procedure and timeline
4.391
4.392
(iii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
4.393
(iv) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
4.394
4.395
4.396
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
4.397
4.398
4.399
4.400
(b) Relevance of PRC’s BITs
4.401
(i) Applicability of the PRC’s BITs to Hong Kong investors
4.402
4.403
4.404
4.405
4.406
4.407
(ii) Applicability of the PRC’s BITs to Hong Kong
4.408
4.409
4.410
4.411
(c) Overview and history
4.412
4.413
(d) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
4.414
4.415
4.416
(ii) Qualifying investor
4.417
4.418
4.419
4.420
(e) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
4.421
4.422
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
4.423
4.424
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
4.425
4.426
4.427
4.428
(iv) Transferability
4.429
4.430
4.431
(v) Duration
4.432
(vi) Other protections
4.433
(f) Dispute resolution options
4.434
4.435
4.436
4.437
4.438
4.439
(g) Future trends
4.440
4.441
4.442
4.443
4.444
4.445
(h) National investment legislation
4.446
(i) ICSID Convention
4.447
4.448
4.449
(j) Enforcement of awards against Hong Kong
4.450
4.451
4.452
4.453
(k) Actual cases
4.454
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
4.455
(b) Optional riders
(i) Fees
4.456
(ii) Nationality
4.457
(iii) Language
4.458
(iv) Opting out of the domestic arbitration regime
4.459
4.460
(v) Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
4.461
4.462
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Resources
(i) Key publications
(ii) Key websites
5 Macau SAR
A Introduction
(a) Overview
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
(b) Legal system
5.07
(c) History of arbitration
5.08
5.09
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
5.10
5.11
(ii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
5.12
(iii) Popular places of arbitration
5.13
5.14
(iv) Future developments
5.15
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) the lex arbitri
5.16
(ii) Secondary sources
5.17
5.18
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
5.19
5.20
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
5.27
5.28
(iii) Competence-competence
5.29
(iv) Separability
5.30
(v) Other key features
5.31
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
5.32
5.33
5.34
(ii) Proof of foreign law
5.35
5.36
(iii) Procedural law
5.37
5.38
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
5.39
5.40
(v) Choice of transnational law
5.41
5.42
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
5.43
5.44
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
5.45
5.46
(ii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
5.47
(b) Caseload
5.48
(c) Arbitration rules of leading Macau arbitral institutions
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
5.49
5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
(ii) Special features
5.54
(iii) Secondary rules
5.55
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
5.56
5.57
5.58
(b) Legal capacity
5.59
5.60
5.61
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
5.62
(ii) Special cases
5.63
(d) Split clauses
5.64
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
5.65
5.66
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
5.67
5.68
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
5.69
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
5.70
5.71
(c) Whether to apply to the arbitral tribunal or to the courts
(i) Relative advantages and disadvantages
5.72
5.73
(ii) Practicalities
5.74
(d) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
5.75
5.76
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
5.77
5.78
5.79
5.80
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
5.81
5.82
(c) Stay of court proceedings
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
5.87
(e) Limitation periods
5.88
5.89
5.90
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
5.91
5.92
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
5.93
5.94
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
5.95
5.96
(ii) Equality of treatment
5.97
(iii) Right to be heard
5.98
5.99
(iv) Place of arbitration
5.100
(v) Language
5.101
(vi) Default by a party
5.102
5.103
(vii) Representation
5.104
5.105
5.106
5.107
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
5.108
5.109
5.110
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
5.111 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
5.112
5.113
(3) Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
5.114
5.115
5.116
(4) Choice of arbitrators
5.117
5.118
5.119
5.120
5.121
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
5.122
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
5.123
5.124
5.125
5.126
5.127
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
5.128
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
5.129
5.130
5.131
5.132
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
5.133
5.134
5.135
5.136 Court involvement
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
5.137
5.138
5.139
5.140
5.141
5.142
5.143
(ii) Format
5.144
5.145
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
5.146
5.147
5.148
5.149
(ii) Production of documents
5.150
5.151
(iii) Specific requests for documents
5.152
5.153
(iv) Legal privilege
5.154
5.155
(v) Practicalities
5.156
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
5.157
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
5.158
(ii) Format
5.159
5.160
(iii) Practicalities
5.161
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
5.162
5.163
5.164
5.165
(ii) Party-appointed experts
5.166
(iii) Frequency and subject area
5.167
(k) Evidence
(i) Overview
5.168
(ii) Applicable principles
5.169
(l) Settlement
5.170
5.171
5.172
(m) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
5.173
(ii) Procedure and practice
5.174
5.175
(iii) Practicalities
5.176
(n) Confidentiality
5.177
5.178
H The award
(a) Types of awards
5.179
5.180
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
5.181
5.182
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
5.183
5.184
(c) Form and content
5.185
5.186
5.187
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
5.188
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
5.189
5.190
(e) Interest
5.191
5.192
5.193
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
5.194
5.195
5.196
5.197
5.198
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
5.199
5.200
5.201
5.202
5.203
5.204
5.205
5.206
(iii) Allocation of costs
5.207 Applicable principles
(2) Procedure and taxation
5.208
5.209
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
5.210
5.211
5.212
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
5.213
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
5.214
5.215
(ii) Scope
5.216
5.217
5.218
(c) Substantive challenges
5.219
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
5.220
(b) Awards made in Macau
(i) Procedure and timeline
5.221
5.222
5.223
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
5.224
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
5.225
5.226
5.227
5.228
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
5.229
5.230
(iii) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
5.231
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview
5.232
5.233
5.234
5.235
5.236
(b) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
5.237
(ii) Qualifying investor
5.238
(c) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
5.239
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
5.240
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
5.241
(iv) Transferability
5.242
(v) Duration
5.243
(vi) Other protections
5.244
(d) Dispute resolution options
5.245
(e) Future trends
5.246
(f) ICSID Convention
5.247
5.248
(g) Enforcement of awards against Macau
5.249
(h) Actual cases
5.250
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
5.251
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Resources
(i) Key publications
(ii) Key websites
6 Taiwan
A Introduction
(a) Overview
6.01
6.02
6.03
(b) Legal system
6.04
6.05
6.06
(c) History of arbitration
6.07
6.08
6.09
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
6.10
6.11
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
6.12
6.13
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
6.14
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
6.15
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) the lex arbitri
6.16
6.17
(ii) Secondary sources
6.18
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
6.19
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
6.20
(ii) Foreign arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
6.21
6.22
(iii) Competence-competence
6.23
(iv) Separability
6.24
(v) Other key features
6.25
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
6.26
(ii) Proof of foreign law
6.27
(iii) Procedural law
6.28
6.29
6.30
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
6.31
(v) Choice of transnational law
6.32
6.33
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
6.34
6.35
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitration institutions
6.36
6.37
(ii) Leading arbitration-related organizations
6.38
(iii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
6.39
(b) Caseload
6.40
(c) Arbitration rules of the ROCAA/CAA
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
6.41
(ii) Special features
6.42
(iii) Secondary rules
6.43
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
6.44
6.45
(b) Legal capacity
6.46
6.47
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
6.48
6.49 Antitrust and unfair competition
6.50 Consumer protection
6.51 Securities regulation
6.52 Employment claims
(ii) Special cases
6.53
6.54
6.55
(d) Split clauses
6.56
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Available interim measures
6.57
6.58
6.59
6.60
6.61
6.62
(b) Procedure and applicable tests
6.63
6.64
6.65
6.66
6.67
6.68
(c) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
6.69
6.70
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
6.71
6.72
6.73
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
6.74
(c) Stay of court proceedings
6.75
6.76
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
6.77
(e) Limitation periods
6.78
6.79
6.80
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
6.81
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
6.82
6.83
6.84
6.85
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
6.86
(ii) Equality of treatment
6.87
(iii) Right to be heard
6.88
6.89
(iv) Place of arbitration
6.90
6.91
(v) Language
6.92
(vi) Default by a party
6.93
(vii) Representation
6.94
6.95
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
6.96
6.97
6.98
6.99
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
6.100 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
6.101
6.102
6.103
6.104 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
(4) Choice of arbitrators
6.105
6.106
6.107
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
6.108
6.109
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
6.110
6.111
6.112
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
6.113
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
6.114
6.115
6.116
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
6.117
6.118
6.119
6.120
6.121 Court involvement
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
6.122
(ii) Format
6.123
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
6.124
(ii) Production of documents
6.125
(iii) Specific requests for documents
6.126
(iv) Legal privilege
6.127
6.128
(v) Practicalities
6.129
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
6.130
6.131
(i) Fact witnesses
(i) Overview
6.132
6.133
6.134
6.135
6.136
6.137
(ii) Format
6.138
(iii) Practicalities
6.139
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
6.140
(ii) Party-appointed experts
6.141
6.142
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
6.143
6.144
(iv) Frequency and subject area
6.145
(k) Interlocutory applications
6.146
(l) Evidence
(i) Overview
6.147
6.148
(ii) Applicable principles
6.149
6.150
(m) Settlement
6.151
(n) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
6.152
(ii) Procedure and practice
6.153
6.154
6.155
6.156
(iii) Practicalities
6.157
(o) Confidentiality
6.158
6.159
H The award
(a) Types of awards
6.160
6.161
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
6.162
6.163
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
6.164
(c) Form and content
6.165
6.166
6.167
6.168
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
6.169
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
6.170
(e) Interest
6.171
6.172
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
6.173
6.174
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
6.175
6.176
6.177
6.178
6.179
6.180
(iii) Allocation of costs
(1) Applicable principles
6.181
6.182
6.183 Procedure and taxation
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
6.184
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
6.185
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
6.186
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
6.187
6.188
6.189
6.190
(ii) Scope
6.191
(iii) Case law
6.192
6.193
6.194
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
6.195
6.196
6.197
(b) Awards made in Taiwan
(i) Procedure and timeline
6.198
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
6.199
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
6.200
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
6.201
6.202
6.203
(iii) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
6.204
6.205
6.206
(d) Enforcement of Taiwan awards overseas
6.207
6.208
6.209
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
6.210
(b) Overview and history
6.211
6.212
6.213
6.214
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
6.215
6.216
6.217
6.218
6.219
6.220
6.221
(ii) Qualifying investor
6.222
6.223
6.224
6.225
6.226
6.227
6.228
6.229
6.230
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
6.231
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
6.232
6.233
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
6.234
6.235
(iv) Transferability
6.236
(v) Duration
6.237
6.238
(vi) Other protections
6.239
(e) Dispute resolution options
6.240
6.241
(f) Future trends
6.242
(g) ICSID Convention
6.243
(h) Actual cases
6.244
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
6.245
(b) Optional riders
(i) Institutional arbitration
6.246
(ii) Place of arbitration
6.247
(iii) Language
6.248
(iv) Attorney’s fees
6.249
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Model BITs
(d) Resources
(i) Key publications
(ii) Key website
Part II Central Asia
7 Mongolia
A Introduction
(a) Overview
7.01
(b) Legal system
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
(c) History of arbitration
7.06
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
7.07
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
7.08
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
7.09
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
7.10
(v) Future developments
7.11
7.12
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) The lex arbitri
7.13
(ii) Secondary sources
7.14
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
7.15
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
7.16
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
7.17
(iii) Competence-competence
7.18
(iv) Separability
7.19
(v) Other key features
7.20
7.21
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
7.22
(ii) Proof of foreign law
7.23
(iii) Procedural law
7.24
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
7.25
(v) Choice of transnational law
7.26
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
7.27
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
7.28
7.29
(ii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
7.30
(b) Caseload
7.31
7.32
(c) Arbitration rules of the MNAC
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
7.33
(ii) Special features
7.34
7.35
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
7.36
(b) Legal capacity
7.37
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
7.38
(d) Split clauses
7.39
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
7.40
7.41
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
7.42
7.43
7.44
7.45
7.46
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
7.47
7.48
7.49
(c) Whether to apply to the arbitral tribunal or to the courts
(i) Relative advantages and disadvantages
7.50
(d) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
7.51
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
7.52
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
7.53
(c) Stay of court proceedings
7.54
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
7.55
(e) Limitation periods
7.56
7.57
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
7.58
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
7.59
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
7.60
7.61
(ii) Equality of treatment
7.62
(iii) Right to be heard
7.63
(iv) Place of arbitration
7.64
(v) Language
7.65
(vi) Default by a party
7.66
(vii) Representation
7.67
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
7.68
7.69
7.70
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
7.71 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
7.72
7.73
7.74 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
7.75 Choice of arbitrators
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
7.76
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
7.77
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
7.78
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
7.79
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
7.80 Procedure and practice
7.81 Court involvement
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
7.82
(ii) Format
7.83
7.84
(h) Documents
7.85
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
7.86
(ii) Format
7.87
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
7.88
7.89
(ii) Party-appointed experts
7.90
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
7.91
(iv) Frequency and subject area
7.92
(k) Evidence
(i) Overview
7.93
7.94
7.95
(ii) Applicable principles
7.96
7.97
7.98
(l) Settlement
7.99
(m) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
7.100
7.101
(ii) Procedure and practice
7.102
7.103
7.104
7.105
(iii) Practicalities
7.106
(n) Confidentiality
7.107
H The award
(a) Types of awards
7.108
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
7.109
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
7.110
(c) Form and content
7.111
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
7.112
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
7.113
(e) Interest
7.114
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
7.115
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
7.116
(iii) Allocation of costs
(1) Applicable principles
7.117
7.118
7.119 Procedure and taxation
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
7.120
7.121
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
7.122
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
7.123
7.124
(ii) Scope
7.125
7.126
(iii) Case law
7.127
(c) Substantive challenges
7.128
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
7.129
(b) Awards made in Mongolia
(i) Procedure and timeline
7.130
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
7.131
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
7.132
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
7.133
(iii) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
7.134
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
7.135
7.136
(b) Overview and history
7.137
7.138
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
7.139
7.140
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
7.141
(ii) Qualifying investor
7.142
7.143
7.144
7.145
7.146
7.147
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
7.148
7.149
7.150
7.151
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and unreasonable or discriminatory measures
7.152
7.153
7.154
7.155
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
7.156
7.157
7.158
7.159
7.160
(iv) Transferability
7.161
7.162
7.163
(v) Duration
7.164
(e) Dispute resolution options
7.165
7.166
(f) Future trends
7.167
7.168
(g) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
7.169
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
7.170
7.171
(iii) Substantive protections
7.172
(iv) Dispute resolution options
7.173
7.174
(h) ICSID Convention
7.175
(i) Enforcement of awards against Mongolia
7.176
(j) Actual cases
7.177
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
7.178
(b) Optional riders
(i) Language
7.179
(ii) Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
7.180
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Key website
8 Kazakhstan
A Introduction
(a) Overview
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
(b) Legal system
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.10
(c) History of arbitration
8.11
8.12
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
8.13
8.14
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
8.15
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
8.16
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
8.17
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) the lex arbitri
8.18
(ii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
8.19
8.20
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
8.21
8.22
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
8.23
(iii) Competence-competence
8.24
8.25
(iv) Separability
8.26
8.27
(v) Other key features
8.28
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
8.29
8.30
(ii) Proof of foreign law
8.31
8.32
(iii) Procedural law
8.33
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
8.34
8.35
(v) Choice of transnational law
8.36
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
8.37
8.38
8.39
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
8.40
8.41
(b) Caseload
8.42
8.43
(c) Arbitration rules of the KIA
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
8.44
(ii) Special features
8.45
8.46
8.47
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
8.48
8.49
8.50
8.51
(b) Legal capacity
8.52
8.53
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
8.54
8.55
(ii) Special cases
8.56
8.57
8.58
(d) Split clauses
8.59
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
8.60
8.61
8.62
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
8.63
8.64
8.65
8.66
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
8.67
8.68
8.69
(c) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
8.70
8.71
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
8.72
8.73
8.74
8.75
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
8.76
(c) Stay of court proceedings
8.77
8.78
8.79
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
8.80
(e) Limitation periods
8.81
8.82
8.83
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
8.84
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
8.85
8.86
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
8.87
(ii) Equality of treatment
8.88
(iii) Right to be heard
8.89
(iv) Place of arbitration
8.90
(v) Language
8.91
(vi) Default by a party
8.92
8.93
(vii) Representation
8.94
8.95
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
8.96
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
8.97 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
8.98
8.99
8.100
8.101
8.102
8.103 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
(4) Choice of arbitrators
8.104
8.105
8.106
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
8.107
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
8.108
8.109
8.110
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
8.111
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
8.112
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
8.113
8.114
8.115 Court involvement
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
8.116
8.117
(ii) Format
8.118
8.119
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
8.120
(ii) Production of documents
8.121
(iii) Specific requests for documents
8.122
(iv) Legal privilege
8.123
(v) Practicalities
8.124
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
8.125
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
8.126
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
8.127
(ii) Party-appointed experts
8.128
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
8.129
(iv) Frequency and subject area
8.130
(k) Interlocutory applications
8.131
(l) Evidence
(i) Overview
8.132
(ii) Applicable principles
8.133
(m) Settlement
8.134
(n) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
8.135
(ii) Procedure and practice
8.136
(iii) Practicalities
8.137
(o) Confidentiality
8.138
H The award
(a) Types of awards
8.139
8.140
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
8.141
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
8.142
(c) Form and content
8.143
8.144
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
8.145
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
8.146
(e) Interest
8.147
8.148
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
8.149
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
8.150
(iii) Allocation of costs
8.151 Applicable principles
8.152 Procedure and taxation
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
8.153
8.154
8.155
8.156
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
8.157
8.158
8.159
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
8.160
(ii) Scope
8.161
8.162
8.163
(c) Substantive challenges
(i) Overview
8.164
8.165
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
8.166
(b) Awards made in Kazakhstan
(i) Procedure and timeline
8.167
8.168
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
8.169
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
8.170
(ii) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
8.171
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
8.172
8.173
8.174
(b) Overview and history
8.175
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
8.176
8.177
8.178
8.179
8.180
8.181
(ii) Qualifying investor
8.182
8.183
8.184
8.185
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
8.186
8.187
8.188
8.189
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
8.190
8.191
8.192
8.193
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
8.194
8.195
8.196
(iv) Transferability
8.197
8.198
8.199
8.200
(v) Duration
8.201
(e) Dispute resolution options
8.202
8.203
8.204
8.205
8.206
(f) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
8.207
8.208
8.209
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
8.210
8.211
8.212
8.213
(iii) Substantive protections
8.214
(iv) Dispute resolution options
8.215
(g) ICSID Convention
8.216
8.217
8.218
(h) Enforcement of awards against Kazakhstan
8.219
8.220
8.221
8.222
8.223
8.224
(i) Actual cases
8.225
8.226
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
8.227
8.228
8.229
(b) Optional riders
(i) Language
8.230
(ii) Fees
8.231
(iii) Third parties
8.232
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Key websites
Part III Southern Asia
9 Philippines
A Introduction
(a) Overview
9.01
9.02
(b) Legal system
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
(c) History of arbitration
9.07
9.08
9.09
9.10
9.11
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
9.17
9.18
9.19
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
9.20
9.21
9.22
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
9.23
9.24
(v) Future developments
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
9.30
(i) The lex arbitri
9.31
9.32
9.33
9.34
(ii) Secondary sources
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
9.40
9.41
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
9.42
9.43
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
9.44
9.45
9.46
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
9.47
9.48
9.49
9.50
9.51
(iii) Competence-competence
9.52
9.53
9.54
(iv) Separability
9.55
9.56
9.57
(v) Other key features
9.58
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
9.59
9.60
9.61
9.62
(ii) Proof of foreign law
9.63
9.64
9.65
(iii) Procedural law
9.66
9.67
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
9.68
(v) Choice of transnational law
9.69
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
9.70
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
9.71
9.72
9.73
(ii) Leading arbitration-related organizations
9.74
(iii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
9.75
(b) Caseload (as at 2010)
(c) Arbitration Rules of PDRCI
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
9.76
9.77
(ii) Special features
9.78
9.79
(iii) Secondary rules
9.80
9.81
9.82
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
9.83
9.84
(b) Legal capacity
9.85
9.86
9.87
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
9.88
9.89
(ii) Special cases
9.90
(d) Split clauses
9.91
9.92
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
9.93
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
9.94
9.95
9.96
9.97
9.98
9.99
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
9.100
(c) Whether to apply to the arbitral tribunal or to the courts
(i) Relative advantages and disadvantages
9.101
9.102
9.103
9.104
(d) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
9.105
9.106
9.107
9.108
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
9.109
9.110
9.111
9.112
9.113
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
9.114
9.115
9.116
(c) Stay of court proceedings
9.117
9.118
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
9.119
9.120
9.121
(e) Limitation periods
9.122
9.123
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
9.124
9.125
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
9.126
9.127
9.128
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
9.129
9.130
(ii) Equality of treatment
9.131
9.132
(iii) Right to be heard
9.133
9.134
(iv) Place of arbitration
9.135
(v) Language
9.136
9.137
(vi) Default by a party
9.138
9.139
9.140
9.141
(vii) Representation
9.142
9.143
9.144
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
9.145
9.146
9.147
9.148
9.149
9.150
9.151
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
(1) Number of arbitrators
9.152
9.153
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
9.154
9.155
9.156
9.157 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
9.158 Choice of arbitrators
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
9.159
9.160
9.161
9.162
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
9.163
9.164
9.165
9.166
9.167
9.168
9.169
9.170
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
9.171
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
9.172
9.173
9.174
9.175
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
9.176
9.177
9.178
9.179
9.180
(2) Court involvement
9.181
9.182
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
9.183
9.184
9.185
9.186
9.187
(ii) Format
9.188
9.189
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
9.190
9.191
9.192
9.193
(ii) Production of documents
9.194
9.195
(iii) Specific requests for documents
9.196
9.197
9.198
9.199
(iv) Legal privilege
9.200
9.201
(v) Practicalities
9.202
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
9.203
9.204
9.205
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
9.206
9.207
9.208
9.209
(ii) Format
9.210
9.211
(iii) Practicalities
9.212
9.213
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
9.214
9.215
(ii) Party-appointed experts
9.216
9.217
9.218
9.219
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
9.220
9.221
9.222
9.223
9.224
(iv) Frequency and subject area
9.225
(k) Interlocutory applications
9.226
9.227
9.228
9.229
(l) Evidence
(i) Overview
9.230
(ii) Applicable principles
9.231
9.232
9.233
(m) Settlement
9.234
9.235
9.236
(n) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
9.237
(ii) Procedure and practice
9.238
9.239
9.240
9.241
9.242
(iii) Practicalities
9.243
(o) Confidentiality
9.244
H The award
(a) Types of awards
9.245
9.246
9.247
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
9.248
9.249
9.250
9.251
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
9.252
(c) Form and content
9.253
9.254
9.255
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
9.256
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
9.257
9.258
(e) Interest
9.259
9.260
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
9.261
9.262
9.263
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution fees
9.264
9.265
9.266
9.267
9.268
(iii) Allocation of costs
(1) Applicable principles
9.269
9.270
9.271
(2) Procedure and taxation
9.272
9.273
9.274
9.275
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
9.276
9.277
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
9.278
9.279
9.280
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
9.281
9.282
9.283
(ii) Scope
9.284
9.285
(c) Substantive challenges
(i) Overview
9.286
9.287
9.288
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
9.289
9.290
9.291
9.292
(b) Awards made in the Philippines
(i) Procedure and timeline
9.293
9.294
9.295
9.296
9.297
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
9.298
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
9.299
(1) New York Convention awards
9.300
9.301
9.302
9.303
9.304
9.305
(2) Non-New York Convention States
9.306
9.307
9.308
9.309
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
9.310
(iii) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
9.311
9.312
9.313
9.314
9.315
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
9.316
9.317
(b) Overview and history
9.318
9.319
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
9.320
9.321
9.322
9.323
(ii) Qualifying investor
9.324
9.325
9.326
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
9.327
9.328
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
9.329
9.330
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
9.331
9.332
(iv) Transferability
9.333
9.334
(v) Duration
9.335
(vi) Other protections
9.336
9.337
(e) Dispute resolution options
9.338
(f) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
9.339
9.340
9.341
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
9.342
9.343
9.344
9.345
9.346
(iii) Substantive protections
9.347
(iv) Dispute resolution options
9.348
(g) ICSID Convention
9.349
(h) Enforcement of awards against the Philippines
9.350
(i) Actual cases
9.351
9.352
L Model arbitration clauses
9.353
9.354
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Resources
(i) Key publications
10 Vietnam
A Introduction
(a) Overview
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
10.08
(b) Legal system
10.09
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
(c) History of arbitration
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.22
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
10.23
10.24
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
10.25
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
10.26
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
10.27
10.28
(v) Future developments
10.29
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) The lex arbitri
10.30
10.31
(ii) Secondary sources
10.32
10.33
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
10.34
10.35
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
10.36
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
10.37
10.38
(iii) Competence-competence
10.39
10.40
(iv) Separability
10.41
(v) Other key features
10.42
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
10.43
10.44
10.45
10.46
(ii) Proof of foreign law
10.47
(iii) Procedural law
10.48
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
10.49
10.50
(v) Choice of transnational law
10.51
10.52
10.53
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
10.54
10.55
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
10.56
(ii) Leading arbitration-related organizations
10.57
10.58
(iii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
10.59
10.60
(b) Caseload
10.61
10.62
(c) Arbitration rules of the VIAC
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
10.63
(ii) Special features
10.64
10.65
(iii) Secondary rules
10.66
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
10.67
10.68
10.69
10.70
(b) Who can be party to an arbitration agreement?
10.71
10.72
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
10.73
10.74
(ii) Special cases
10.75
10.76
(d) Split clauses
10.77
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
10.78
10.79
10.80
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
10.81
10.82
10.83
10.84
10.85
10.86
10.87
10.88
10.89
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
10.90
10.91
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
10.92
10.93
10.94
10.95
10.96
10.97
10.98
10.99
10.100
10.101
(c) Whether to apply to the arbitral tribunal or to the courts
(i) Relative advantages and disadvantages
10.102
10.103
(ii) Practicalities
10.104
10.105
(d) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
10.106
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
10.107
10.108
10.109
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
10.110
(c) Stay of court proceedings
10.111
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
10.112
(e) Limitation periods
10.113
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
10.114
10.115
10.116
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
10.117
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
10.118
(ii) Equality of treatment
10.119
(iii) Right to be heard
10.120
(iv) Place of arbitration
10.121
(v) Language
10.122
(vi) Default by a party
10.123
(vii) Representation
10.124
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
10.125
10.126
10.127
10.128
10.129
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
10.130 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
10.131
10.132
10.133
10.134 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
(4) Choice of arbitrators
10.135
10.136
10.137
10.138
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
10.139
10.140
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
10.141
10.142
10.143
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
10.144
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
10.145
10.146
(ii) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
10.147
10.148
(2) Court involvement
10.149
10.150
10.151
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
10.152
10.153
10.154
(ii) Format
10.155
10.156
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
10.157
10.158
(ii) Production of documents
10.159
10.160
(iii) Specific requests for documents
10.161
10.162
10.163
10.164
(iv) Legal privilege
10.165
(v) Practicalities
10.166
10.167
(vi) Electronic disclosure and future trends
10.168
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
10.169
10.170
10.171
(ii) Format
10.172
(iii) Practicalities
10.173
10.174
(j) Expert witnesses
(i) Overview
10.175
(ii) Party-appointed experts
10.176
(iii) Tribunal-appointed experts
10.177
(iv) Frequency and subject area
10.178
(k) Interlocutory applications
10.179
(l) Evidence
(i) Overview
10.180
(ii) Applicable principles
10.181
(m) Settlement
10.182
10.183
(n) The hearing
(i) Opening statements
10.184
(ii) Procedure and practice
10.185
(iii) Practicalities
10.186
(o) Confidentiality
10.187
H The award
(a) Types of awards
10.188
10.189
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
10.190
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
10.191
(c) Form and content
10.192
10.193
10.194
10.195
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
10.196
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
10.197
10.198
10.199
(e) Interest
10.200
10.201
10.202
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
10.203
10.204
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
10.205
10.206
10.207
(iii) Allocation of costs
(1) Applicable principles
10.208
10.209
(2) Procedure and taxation
10.210
10.211
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
10.212
10.213
10.214
10.215
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
10.216
10.217
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
10.218
10.219
10.220
10.221
10.222
10.223
10.224
10.225
(ii) Scope
10.226
10.227
10.228
(iii) Case law
10.229
10.230
10.231
10.232
(c) Substantive challenges
(i) Overview
10.233
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
10.234
10.235
(b) Domestic awards
(i) Procedure and timeline
10.236
10.237
10.238
10.239
10.240
10.241
10.242
10.243
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
10.244
10.245
10.246
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
10.247
10.248
10.249
10.250
10.251
10.252
(ii) Procedure and timeline
(1) Application to the Ministry of Justice
10.253
10.254
10.255 Consideration of the application
(3) Hearing of the application
10.256
10.257
10.258
(iii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
10.259
(iv) Recognition and enforcement—in practice
10.260
10.261
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
10.262
10.263
(b) Overview and history
10.264
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
10.265
10.266
10.267
(ii) Qualifying investor
10.268
10.269
10.270
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
10.271
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
10.272
10.273
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
10.274
10.275
10.276
(iv) Transferability
10.277
10.278
10.279
(v) Duration
10.280
(vi) Other protections
10.281
(e) Dispute resolution options
10.282
10.283
(f) Future trends
10.284
(g) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
10.285
10.286
10.287
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
10.288
10.289
10.290
10.291
(iii) Substantive protections
10.292
10.293
10.294
10.295
10.296
10.297
10.298
(iv) Dispute resolution options
10.299
(h) ICSID Convention
10.300
(i) Enforcement of awards against Vietnam
10.301
(j) Actual cases
10.302
L Model arbitration clauses
(a) Model clauses
10.303
(b) Optional riders
(i) Fees
10.304
(ii) Place of the arbitration
10.305
(iii) Languages
10.306
10.307
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Representative BIT
(d) Resources
(i) Key publications
(ii) Key website
11 Cambodia
A Introduction 1
(a) Overview
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
(b) Legal system
11.09
11.10
11.11
(c) History of arbitration
11.12
11.13
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
11.14
11.15
11.16
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
11.17
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
11.18
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
11.19
(v) Future developments
11.20
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) The lex arbitri
11.21
11.22
(ii) Secondary sources
11.23
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
11.24
11.25
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
11.26
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
11.27
(iii) Competence-competence
11.28
(iv) Separability
11.29
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
11.30
11.31
11.32
(ii) Proof of foreign law
11.33
11.34
(iii) Procedural law
11.35
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
11.36
(v) Choice of transnational law
11.37
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
11.38
11.39
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
11.40
(ii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
11.41
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
11.42
(b) Legal capacity
11.43
11.44
11.45
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
11.46
11.47
11.48
(ii) Special cases
11.49
(d) Split clauses
11.50
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
11.51
11.52
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
11.53
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
11.54
11.55
(ii) Procedure and applicable tests
11.56
11.57
(c) Whether to apply to the arbitral tribunal or to the courts
(i) Relative advantages and disadvantages
11.58
11.59
(d) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
11.60
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Enforceability of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses
11.61
11.62
(b) Attitude towards alternative dispute resolution
11.63
11.64
(c) Stay of court proceedings
11.65
(d) Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions
11.66
(e) Limitation periods
11.67
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
11.68
11.69
11.70
(b) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
11.71
(ii) Equality of treatment
11.72
(iii) Right to be heard
11.73
11.74
(iv) Place of arbitration
11.75
(v) Language
11.76
(vi) Default by a party
11.77
(vii) Representation
11.78
(c) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
11.79
(d) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
11.80 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
11.81
11.82
11.83
11.84
11.85 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
11.86 Choice of arbitrators
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
11.87
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
11.88
11.89
11.90
(iv) Administrative and arbitrators’ fees
11.91 Administrative fees
11.92 Arbitrators’ fees
(v) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
11.93
(e) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Objections to jurisdiction
(1) Procedure and practice
11.94
11.95
11.96 Court involvement
(f) Legal privilege
11.97
(g) Expert witnesses
(i) Party-appointed experts
11.98
(ii) Tribunal-appointed experts
11.99
(h) Evidence
11.100
(i) Settlement
11.101
11.102
H The award
(a) Types of awards
11.103
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
11.104
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
11.105
(c) Form and content
11.106
11.107
11.108
(d) Remedies
11.109
(e) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
11.110
11.111
11.112
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
11.113
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
11.114
11.115
(ii) Scope
11.116
11.117
11.118
(c) Substantive challenges
11.119
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
11.120
(b) Awards made in Cambodia
(i) Procedure and timeline
11.121
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
11.122
(c) Foreign awards
(i) Overview
11.123
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
11.124
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
11.125
(b) Overview and history
11.126
11.127
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
11.128
11.129
(ii) Qualifying investor
11.130
11.131
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
11.132
11.133
11.134
11.135
11.136
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
11.137
11.138
11.139
11.140
11.141
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
11.142
11.143
(iv) Transferability
11.144
11.145
(v) Duration
11.146
11.147
11.148
(e) Dispute resolution options
11.149
11.150
11.151
11.152
11.153
(f) Future trends
11.154
(g) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
11.155
11.156
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
11.157
11.158
(iii) Substantive protections
11.159
11.160
11.161
11.162
11.163
11.164
(iv) Dispute resolution options
11.165
11.166
11.167
11.168
11.169
11.170
(h) ICSID Convention
11.171
(i) Actual cases
11.172
L Model arbitration clauses
11.173
M Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Model BITs
(c) Resources
(i) Key websites
12 Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
A Introduction
(a) Overview
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
(b) Legal system
12.06
12.07
(c) History of arbitration
12.08
12.09
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
12.18
12.19
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
12.20
(iii) Popular places of arbitration
12.21
12.22
(iv) Future developments
12.23
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) The lex arbitri
12.24
(ii) Secondary sources
12.25
12.26
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
12.27
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
12.28
12.29
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
12.30
12.31
(iii) Competence-competence
12.32
(iv) Separability
12.33
(v) Other key features
12.34
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
12.35
12.36
12.37
12.38
(ii) Proof of foreign law
12.39
(iii) Procedural law
12.40
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
12.41
(v) Choice of transnational law
12.42
12.43
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
12.44
12.45
12.46
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
12.47
(ii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
12.48
(b) Caseload
12.49
(c) Arbitration rules of OEDR
(i) Overview of available arbitration rules
12.50
(ii) Secondary rules
12.51
D The arbitration agreement
(a) Requirements for a valid arbitration agreement
12.52
(b) Legal capacity
12.53
(c) Arbitrability
(i) General position
12.54
(ii) Special cases
12.55
(d) Split clauses
12.56
E Interim measures and court assistance
(a) Interim measures from the arbitral tribunal
(i) Available interim measures and related orders
12.57
(b) Court assistance
(i) Available court assistance
12.58
(ii) Practicalities
12.59
(c) Court assistance in aid of foreign arbitrations
12.60
F Before the arbitration commences
(a) Stay of court proceedings
12.61
G The arbitration process
(a) Introduction
12.62
(b) Main stages of the arbitration
12.63
(c) General principles
(i) Party autonomy
12.64
(ii) Equality of treatment
12.65
(iii) Right to be heard
12.66
(iv) Place of arbitration
12.67
(v) Language
12.68
(vi) Representation
12.69
12.70
12.71
(d) Commencement of proceedings: Notice of Arbitration and Request for Arbitration
12.72
12.73
12.74
12.75
12.76
(e) The tribunal
(i) Constituting the tribunal
12.77 Number of arbitrators
(2) Appointment of arbitrators
12.78
12.79
12.80
12.81 Multi-party appointment of arbitrators
12.82 Choice of arbitrators
(ii) Impartiality and independence of tribunal
12.83
(iii) Challenge and replacement of arbitrators
12.84
12.85
12.86
(iv) Liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions
12.87
(f) Preliminary steps and objections
(i) Preliminary meeting
12.88
(g) Written submissions
(i) Overview
12.89
(h) Documents
(i) Overview
12.90
(i) Factual witnesses
(i) Overview
12.91
(j) Evidence
(i) Overview
12.92
(k) The hearing
12.93
12.94
(l) Confidentiality
12.95
H The award
(a) Types of awards
12.96
(b) Tribunal’s decision-making process
(i) Exercise of discretion
12.97
(ii) Amiable compositeur and ex aequo et bono
12.98
(c) Form and content
12.99
(d) Remedies
(i) Available remedies
12.100
(ii) Damages—applicable principles
12.101
(e) Interest
12.102
(f) Costs
(i) Categories of costs incurred
12.103
(ii) Arbitrators’ fees and arbitral institution’s fees
12.104
12.105
(iii) Allocation of costs
12.106 Applicable principles
12.107 Procedure and taxation
(g) Correction, interpretation, and supplementing of awards
12.108
12.109
I Challenge of awards
(a) Overview
12.110
(b) Setting aside
(i) Procedure
12.111
12.112
(ii) Scope
12.113
(c) Substantive challenges
12.114
J Recognition and enforcement of awards
(a) Overview
12.115
12.116
(b) Procedure and timeline
12.117
(i) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
12.118
12.119
12.120
12.121
12.122
(ii) Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement
12.123
K Investor-State arbitration
(a) Overview of available protection
12.124
12.125
(b) Overview and history
12.126
(c) Preconditions
(i) Qualifying investment
12.127
(ii) Qualifying investor
12.128
(d) Substantive protections
(i) Expropriation
12.129
(ii) Fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, and arbitrary or discriminatory measures
12.130
(iii) National and most favoured nation treatment
12.131
(iv) Transferability
12.132
(v) Duration
12.133
(e) Dispute resolution options
12.134
(f) Key features of national investment legislation
(i) Overview and history
12.135
(ii) Preconditions—qualifying investment by a qualifying investor
12.136
(iii) Substantive protections
12.137
(iv) Dispute resolution options
12.138
(g) ICSID Convention
12.139
(h) Actual cases
12.140
L Appendix
(a) National arbitration legislation and related rules
(b) Arbitral institution rules
(c) Representative BITs
(d) Key publications
13 Thailand
A Introduction
(a) Overview
13.01
13.02
13.03
(b) Legal system
13.04
13.05
13.06
13.07
13.08
(c) History of arbitration
13.09
13.10
13.11
(d) Present trends in arbitration
(i) General attitude
13.12
(ii) Arbitration compared to litigation
13.13
(iii) Ad hoc arbitration compared to institutional arbitration
13.14
(iv) Popular places of arbitration
13.15
B Applicable laws
(a) Law governing the arbitration (the lex arbitri )
(i) the lex arbitri
13.16
(ii) Secondary sources
13.17
13.18
13.19
(iii) Relationship between the lex arbitri and the arbitration rules
13.20
13.21
13.22
(b) Key features of the lex arbitri
(i) Overview
13.23
(ii) International arbitration compared to domestic arbitration
13.24
(iii) Competence-competence
13.25
(iv) Separability
13.26
(v) Other key features
13.27
(c) Conflict of laws
(i) Substantive law
13.28
13.29
(ii) Proof of foreign law
13.30
13.31
(iii) Procedural law
13.32
13.33
(iv) Law governing the arbitration agreement
13.34
(v) Choice of transnational law
13.35
13.36
(d) Key international treaties and conventions
13.37
13.38
C Arbitral institutions
(a) Leading institutions
(i) Leading arbitral institutions
13.39
13.40
13.41
13.42
(ii) Leading arbitration-related organizations
13.43
13.44
(iii) Popular foreign arbitral institutions
13.45
13.46