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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
European Union
Directives
Regulations
National
Australia
Brazil
China (People’s Republic)
India
Ireland
Mexico
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
List of Abbreviations
Contributor Biographies
Co-editor, co-author for Chapters 1, 7, and 9
Co-editor, co-author for Chapters 1, 7, and 9
Co-author for Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Co-author for Chapter 3
Co-author for Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 8
Chapter 10
Main Text
1 Introduction
Preliminary Material
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
US and European Definitions of Money Market Funds
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
Benefits of Money Market Funds
1.14
Benefits to investors: creation of wealth and capital formation
1.15
1.16
1.17
Benefits to the capital markets: diversification of funding and cost saving
1.18
Benefits to non-financial corporations: access to capital markets and funding flexibility
1.19
1.20
1.21
Benefits to banks: funding in foreign currencies and reduction of trade imbalance
1.22
1.23
Benefits to securities firms: inventory funding and market liquidity
1.24
1.25
Benefits to local government and municipalities: lowered borrowing cost
1.26
1.27
Benefits to state governments: a major source of funding
1.28
1.29
‘Shadow Banks’ and Money Market Funds
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
Why Money Market Funds Are Regulated
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
Part 1 Money Market Funds in the EU
Preliminary Material
2 European Money Market Funds: Background and Industry Structure
Preliminary Material
Introduction
2.01
2.02
2.03
Origin of Money Market Funds in Europe: France, Ireland, Luxembourg, and other countries
France
2.04
2.05
2.06
Ireland
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
Luxembourg
2.11
2.12
Other countries
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
European Money Market Funds During the Financial Crisis
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
Current State of European Money Market Funds
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
Taxation is a Key Factor
2.36
2.37
2.38
Varying Base Currencies
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
Short-term Money Market Funds and Money Market Funds
2.43
2.44
2.45
Asset Types
2.46
2.47
Government money market funds
2.48
2.49
Prime money market funds
2.50
2.51
2.52
Asset Valuation Methods
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
Money Market Funds Respond to Low Interest Rates
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
Investor Base
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
3 European Regulatory Framework of Money Market Funds
Preliminary Material
Introduction
3.01
Primer on European money markets
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
European money market funds and a single market
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
Supervisory structure of European markets
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
Money Market Funds and ESMA
3.18
3.19
3.20
Main investment parameters
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
Pan-European compliance with ESMA Guidelines
3.29
3.30
3.31
Self-regulation of European Money Market Funds: IMMFA’s Code of Practice
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
Money Market Funds under the UCITS Regime
3.38
3.39
3.40
General diversification rules for UCITS
3.41
3.42
Asset liquidity considerations under the UCITS regime
3.43
3.44
Stress testing and efficient portfolio management techniques
3.45
3.46
Disclosure requirements under the UCITS regime
3.47
3.48
3.49
Redemption requirements under the UCITS regime
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
Money Market Funds in MiFID
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
Conclusion
3.62
3.63
3.64
3.65
Part 2 Money Market Funds in the US
Preliminary Material
4 Historical Rationale for US Money Market Funds
Preliminary Material
Introduction
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
Issues under US Federal Securities Laws
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
Issues under US Banking Laws
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
State Battles
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
Breaking the Buck: No Investment Guarantee
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
5 US Regulatory Framework for Money Market Funds
Preliminary Material
Introduction
5.01
5.02
Money Market Fund Governance
Directors
5.03
Board composition requirements
5.04
5.05
5.06
Independence standards
5.07
Role of directors under the Investment Company Act
5.08
Mutual fund structure
5.09
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
Regulatory responsibilities
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
Shareholders
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
Investment Company Act Generally
5.24
5.25
5.26
Affiliated transaction provisions
5.27
Principal transactions
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
Joint transactions
5.33
5.34
5.35
Underwriting syndicates
5.36
5.37
Agency transactions
5.38
Capital structure
5.39
Functions and activities
5.40
Investments in other mutual funds
5.41
5.42
Investments in the securities business
5.43
5.44
5.45
Purchase and redemption of fund shares
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
Other matters
5.51
Rule 2a-7
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
Maturity Requirements
General
5.58
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
Exceptions
5.63
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
Portfolio Quality
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74
5.75
5.76
5.77
Portfolio Diversification
5.78
5.79
5.80
5.81
Liquidity Requirements
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
5.87
Downgrades, Defaults, and Other Credit Events
5.88
Downgrades
5.89
5.90
Defaults and other events
5.91
5.92
5.93
Procedures
5.94
Amortized cost
5.95
5.96
Penny-rounding
5.97
Amortized cost or penny-rounding
5.98
5.99
Recordkeeping and reporting
5.100
5.101
Portfolio Disclosure
5.102
5.103
5.104
5.105
5.106
5.107
The Future of US Money Market Fund Regulation
The Debate
5.108
5.109
5.110
5.111
5.112
5.113
5.114
5.115
5.116
5.117
5.118
5.119
5.120
5.121
Rule 2a-7 Proposed Amendments
5.122
5.123
5.124
5.125
5.126
5.127
5.128
5.129
5.130
5.131
5.132
6 Types of Money Market Mutual Funds in the US
Preliminary Material
Introduction
6.01
6.02
6.03
Asset Types
6.04
Prime money market mutual funds
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
Government money market mutual funds
6.11
US Treasury money market mutual funds
6.12
6.13
6.14
US government agency money market mutual funds
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
Money market mutual funds and ‘flight to quality’
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
Tax exempt money market mutual funds
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
Retail and Institutional Money Market Mutual Funds
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
Constant and Floating Net Asset Value Money Market Mutual Funds
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.41
Other Cash Pools
6.42
6.43
Local government investment pools
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47
Short-term investment funds
6.48
Separately managed cash accounts
6.49
6.50
Conclusion
6.51
6.52
6.53
Part 3 Comparative Analysis
Preliminary Material
7 Comparative Analysis of US and EU Regulatory Models for Money Market Funds
Preliminary Material
Introduction
7.01
7.02
7.03
Major Differences
7.04
7.05
7.06
Conflicting money market fund definitions
7.07
7.08
Divergent assessment of portfolio risks
7.09
Credit risk
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
Interest rate and spread risk
7.16
7.17
Liquidity risk—security liquidity
7.18
7.19
Liquidity risk—portfolio liquidity
7.20
7.21
Divergent views on foreign currency exposures
7.22
Divergent market infrastructure and varying levels of transparency
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
Portfolio valuation practices
7.28
7.29
7.30
Differences in treatment of capital gains and losses
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
Divergent approach to holdings and pricing information transparency
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
7.40
Divergent views on corporate governance
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44
Divergent views on ‘gating’
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
Divergent regulatory oversight and enforcement
7.49
7.50
Some Similarities
7.51
7.52
Similar limits on credit risk exposure
7.53
7.54
Similar limits on interest rate risk exposure in short-term funds
7.55
Similar stress testing requirements
7.56
7.57
7.58
7.59
Similar consumer disclosure requirements
7.60
7.61
Closing the Gap between the EU and the US Regulatory Models: IMMFA Code of Practice
7.62
7.63
7.64
7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
Conclusion
7.69
7.70
7.71
7.72
8 Money Market Fund Ratings
Preliminary Material
Introduction
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
Money Market Fund Ratings versus Debt Ratings
8.10
Classification of money market fund ratings in regulation
8.11
8.12
Other quantitative and statistical ratings and rankings
8.13
8.14
Credit Rating Agencies Providing Money Market Fund Ratings
Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services
8.15
8.16
Moody’s Investors Service
8.17
8.18
8.19
Fitch Ratings
8.20
8.21
History of Money Market Fund Ratings
8.22
S&P pioneered money fund rating business
8.23
8.24
Institutional demand drove fund ratings
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
Financial trade associations embraced fund ratings
8.33
8.34
8.35
Market events support demand for rating research and analysis
8.36
8.37
8.38
8.39
Consumers of Money Market Fund Ratings
Use of fund ratings in investment guidelines
8.40
8.41
Retail money market funds are seldom rated
8.42
Considerations of fund rating restrictions, costs and rating downgrades
8.43
8.44
Money Market Fund Rating Process
8.45
Engagement of a credit rating agency
8.46
8.47
Rating analysis
8.48
8.49
8.50
8.51
Rating committee deliberations
8.52
8.53
Publication of the rating opinion
8.54
8.55
8.56
Rating monitoring
8.57
8.58
8.59
Money Market Fund Rating Methodology
8.60
8.61
8.62
Fitch rating approach
Main quantitative criteria
8.63
Role of the fund sponsor
8.64
8.65
Use of credit ratings in money market fund rating analysis
8.66
Analysis of liquidity risk
8.67
8.68
Moody’s rating approach
8.69
Main quantitative criteria
8.70
8.71
8.72
8.73
Analysis of liquidity risk
8.74
8.75
Analysis of market risk
8.76
Role of the fund sponsor
8.77
S&P rating approach
8.78
Use of credit ratings in money market fund rating analysis
8.79
Analysis of net asset value volatility
8.80
Role of the fund sponsor
8.81
8.82
Conclusion
8.83
8.84
8.85
8.86
8.87
8.88
9 Money Market Funds outside the EU and the US
Preliminary Material
Introduction
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
Asia and Pacific: Australia
Size
9.07
Shareholder composition
9.08
Regulatory framework
9.09
9.10
9.11
9.12
Valuation
9.13
9.14
9.15
Investment practices
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
Asia and Pacific: China
Size
9.21
9.22
Shareholder composition
9.23
Targeted regulation
9.24
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29
Valuation
9.30
9.31
Investment practices
9.32
9.33
Asia and Pacific: India
Size
9.34
Shareholder composition
9.35
Regulatory framework
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
Valuation
9.40
9.41
9.42
9.43
Investment practices
9.44
9.45
Asia and Pacific: Other Countries
Size
9.46
9.47
Largest players
9.48
9.49
9.50
Latin America: Mexico
9.51
9.52
Latin America: Brazil
Size
9.53
Shareholder composition
9.54
9.55
Regulatory framework
9.56
9.57
Valuation
9.58
Investment practices
9.59
9.60
9.61
Latin America: Other Countries
9.62
North America: Canada
Size
9.63
Shareholder composition
9.64
Targeted regulation
9.65
9.66
9.67
9.68
9.69
Valuation
9.70
9.71
9.72
Investment practices
9.73
9.74
Africa: South Africa
Size
9.75
Shareholder composition
9.76
Targeted regulation
9.77
9.78
9.79
9.80
9.81
9.82
Valuation
9.83
9.84
Investment practices
9.85
9.86
Worldwide Approach to Money Market Fund Regulation: One Size Does Not Fit All
9.87
9.88
9.89
9.90
9.91
10 Systemic Risk Regulation and Money Market Funds
Preliminary Material
Introduction
10.01
10.02
10.03
Systemic Risk and Money Market Funds—a Historical View
Systemic risk motivates regulation
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
10.08
10.09
Money market funds posed little systemic risk prior to the global financial crisis
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
Money Market Funds in the Global Financial Crisis
10.16
Changing conditions exposed money market fund investors to losses
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
Potential losses triggered widespread run
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
Sponsor support as a source of systemic risk
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.34
Public interventions to reduce systemic risk in money market funds
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.38
10.39
10.40
10.41
10.42
10.43
10.44
10.45
10.46
Regulatory Responses to Systemic Risk in Money Market Funds
10.47
10.48
Global recommendations to reduce systemic risk
10.49
10.50
10.51
10.52
Further reforms in the EU
10.53
10.54
10.55
10.56
Further reforms in the US
10.57
Conclusion
10.58
10.59
10.60
10.61
10.62
10.63
Further Material
Appendix 1 Directive 2009/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS): Obligations Concerning the Investment Policies of UCITS
Article 49
Article 50
Article 51
Article 52
Article 53
Article 54
Article 55
Article 56
Article 57
Appendix 2 Excerpt from CESR’s Guidelines concerning eligible assets for investment by UCITS: The Committee of European Securities Regulators
Definitions
The Guidelines
Appendix 3 Committee of European Securities Regulators: CESR’s Guidelines on a common definition of European Money Market Funds
Table of contents
Executive Summary
Introduction
Definitions
Guidelines
General guidelines
Explanatory Text
Short-Term Money Market Funds
Explanatory Text
Money Market Funds
Transitional provisions
Appendix 4 IMMFA Institutional Money Market Funds Association: Code of Practice
Part I Objective of the Code
Part II Credit and interest rate risk
Part III Liquidity risk
Part IV Market risk
Part V Disclosure
Part VI General obligations
Part VII Compliance with the Code
Part VIII Transitional provisions and amendments
Part IX Definitions
Appendix 5 Rule 2a-7, Rule 5b-3, Rule 17a-9, Rule 22e-3, and Rule 30b1-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940
Rule 2a-7—Money market funds
(a) Definitions—
(b) Holding Out and Use of Names and Titles.
(c) Share Price Calculations.
(d) Maturity of Portfolio Securities.
(e) Delegation.
Rule 5b-3—Acquisition of Repurchase Agreement or Refunded Security Treated as Acquisition of Underlying Securities
Rule 17a-9—Purchase of Certain Securities From a Money Market Fund by an Affiliate, or an Affiliate of an Affiliate
Rule 22e-3—Exemption for Liquidation of Money Market Funds
Rule 30b1-7—Monthly Report for Money Market Funds
Index
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Table of Legislation
Edited By: Viktoria Baklanova, Joseph Tanega
From:
Money Market Funds in the EU and the US: Regulation and Practice
Edited By: Viktoria Baklanova, Joseph Tanega
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Financial Law [FBL]
Published in print:
27 February 2014
ISBN:
9780199687251
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