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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Detailed Table of Contents
Table of Cases and Awards
European Court of Justice
German Constitutional Court
German Civil Courts
German Labor Courts
German Administrative Courts
Arbitral Tribunals
List of Abbreviations
Main Text
1 Introduction
Preliminary Material
1.1
A Overview
1.2
I The Notion of Arbitration
1.3
II Commercial Arbitration
1.4
1.5
III A Brief History of Arbitration in Germany
1.6
IV Selected Statistics
1.7
1.8
B Commercial Arbitration in Germany against the Background of German State Court Litigation
1.9
1.10
I Overview of the German Legal and Court System
1.11
1.12
II Relevant German Legal Traditions and Practices
1.13
1 Codified Law
1.14
2 No Binding Precedent, No Stare Decisis
1.15
1.16
3 Emphasis on Written Pleadings and the “Relationstechnik”
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
4 No Pre-trial Discovery and Only Limited Document Disclosure
1.24
1.25
1.26
5 Active Role of Judges in Conducting the Proceedings
1.27
1.28
1.29
C Key Features of the German Arbitration Law
1.30
I The Constitutional and Statutory Legal Basis under German Law
1.31
1.32
1.33
II Noteworthy Features of the German Arbitration Law
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
III Overview of Applicable General Legal Principles
1.39
1 Party Autonomy
1.40
2 Neutrality
1.41
1.42
3 Equal Treatment and the Right to be Heard
1.43
1.44
4 Procedural Efficiency
1.45
1.46
D Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Arbitration in Germany
1.47
I Potential Advantages over German State Courts
1.48
1 Influence on Choice of Decision-makers
1.49
1.50
2 Confidentiality
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
3 Tailor-made Proceedings
1.55
1.56
4 Speed?
1.57
1.58
1.59
II Potential Disadvantages and Recent Criticisms
1.60
1 Cost and Efficiency
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
2 Settlement Pressure
1.65
1.66
1.67
3 Inclusion of Third Parties
1.68
III Special Potential Advantages in the International Context
1.69
1 Intercultural Acceptance and Appropriate Language
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
2 Tailoring of Taking of Evidence
1.75
3 Enforcement of Awards Abroad Under the New York Convention
1.76
E Special Types of Arbitrations
1.77
I Corporate Law Disputes, Including Challenge of Shareholder Resolutions
1.78
1.79
II Sports Arbitration
1.80
III Labor Law Arbitration
1.81
IV Administrative Law Arbitration
1.82
V Public International Law Arbitration, Especially Investment Arbitration
1.83
F Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Germany
1.84
I Background and History
1.85
II Mediation
1.86
1 German Mediation Act
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
2 Institutional Mediation Rules
1.91
3 Pros and Cons of Mediation
1.92
III Expert Determination
1.93
1.94
1.95
IV Adjudication and Dispute Boards
1.96
V Combination of Various Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
1.97
1 Combination of Arbitration and Expert Determination
1.98
2 Combination of Arbitration and Litigation
1.99
1.100
1.101
3 Med/Arb and Arb/Med
1.102
1.103
2 The Arbitration Agreement
Preliminary Material
A Overview
2.1
2.2
B Required Content and Validity of the Arbitration Agreement
2.3
I Law Applicable to the Arbitration Agreement
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
II Agreement of the Parties
2.11
1 Legal Nature of the Arbitration Agreement: Substantive-law Agreement on Procedural-law Relations
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2 General Requirements for a Party Agreement
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
3 Arbitration Agreement by Trade Usage
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
4 Amendment of Arbitration Agreements
2.29
2.30
2.31
III Minimum Content
2.32
1 Dispute Related to a Defined Legal Relationship
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2 Dispute Resolution by an Arbitral Tribunal
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
IV Validity
2.44
1 The Separability Principle
2.45
2.46
2.47
2 Objective Arbitrability
a) General Principles
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
b) Exceptions
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
c) Arbitrability of Antitrust Disputes
2.58
d) Arbitrability of Corporate Law Disputes
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
3 Subjective Arbitrability
2.64
2.65
2.66
4 Form
a) General Principles
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
b) Arbitration Among Commercial Parties
2.73
2.74
2.75
c) Arbitration Involving Consumers
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
d) The Distinction Between Commercial Parties and Consumers
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
e) Cure by Failure to Object
2.87
f) No Notarization Requirement
2.88
2.89
2.90
5 Further General Grounds for Invalidity
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
6 Grounds for Invalidity in Case of General Terms and Conditions (AGB)
2.95
a) Commercial Arbitration
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
2.100
b) Consumer Arbitration
2.101
2.102
2.103
2.104
V Interpretation of Arbitration Agreements
2.105
2.106
2.107
2.108
2.109
2.110
2.111
2.112
2.113
2.114
2.115
2.116
VI Drafting Considerations, Pathological Clauses, And “Less is More!”
2.117
2.118
2.119
C Scope, Effects, and Termination of the Arbitration Agreement
2.120
I Personal Scope
2.121
1 Successors and Assignees
2.122
2.123
2.124
2 Joint Liability
2.125
3 Agreement for the Benefit of Third Parties
2.126
4 Corporate Law Matters
2.127
2.128
2.129
5 Insolvency Matters
2.130
II Subject-matter Scope
2.131
1 Pre-contractual Claims
2.132
2 Enrichment and Tort Claims
2.133
3 Set-off and Counterclaims
2.134
III Effects
2.135
1 Jurisdictional Objection in State Court Proceedings
a) General Principles
2.136
2.137
2.138
2.139
2.140
2.141
b) State Court Action on Admissibility of Arbitral Proceedings
2.142
2.143
2.144
2 Cooperation and Good Faith Obligations of the Parties
2.145
2.146
2.147
2.148
2.149
3 Confidentiality
2.150
2.151
2.152
IV Termination
2.153
1 Termination by Agreement
2.154
2.155
2 Unilateral Termination
2.156
2.157
2.158
2.159
2.160
2.161
3 Other Grounds for Termination
2.162
2.163
2.164
2.165
2.166
2.167
2.168
2.169
D Typical Additional Content of the Arbitration Agreement
2.170
2.171
2.172
2.173
I Place of Arbitration
2.174
2.175
2.176
2.177
II Language of the Proceedings
2.178
2.179
2.180
2.181
2.182
III Selection of Applicable Substantive Law
1 Party Agreement and its Limitations
2.183
2.184
2.185
2.186
2 Determination in the Absence of Party Agreement
2.187
2.188
2.189
3 Decision Based on Equity and Fairness (ex aequo et bono; amiable compositeur)
2.190
2.191
4 Ordre public Limitations, Especially Punitive Damages
2.192
2.193
IV Institutional and ad hoc Arbitration
2.194
1 General Considerations
2.195
2.196
2.197
2.198
2 DIS
2.199
2.200
2.201
3 ICC
2.202
2.203
2.204
2.205
2.206
2.207
2.208
4 Construction Disputes
2.209
2.210
2.211
2.212
3 The Arbitral Tribunal
Preliminary Material
A Overview
3.1
B Number of Arbitrators
I Legal Framework
3.2
II Panel of Three Arbitrators
1 General Considerations
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
2 The Role of the Chairman
3.7
3.8
III Sole Arbitrator
3.9
3.10
IV Other Options
3.11
C Procedure for the Constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal
3.12
I Legal Framework under the German Arbitration Law
1 Introduction and Overview of the Legal Framework
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
2 Party Autonomy and Statutory Default
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3 Panel of Three Arbitrators
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
4 Sole Arbitrator
3.28
3.29
5 Multi-party Arbitration
3.30
3.31
6 Procedure for Appointment by Court
3.32
3.33
3.34
7 Appointment by Court due to Unfair Prejudice
3.35
3.36
II DIS Rules
1 General Principles
3.37
3.38
3.39
2 Default Rule: Panel of Three Arbitrators
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3 Sole Arbitrator
3.44
4 Multi-party Arbitration
3.45
5 Acceptance and Confirmation
3.46
3.47
III ICC Rules
1 General Principles
3.48
2 Default Rule: Sole Arbitrator
3.49
3.50
3 Panel of Three Arbitrators
3.51
3.52
4 Multi-party Arbitration
3.53
5 Acceptance and Confirmation
3.54
3.55
D Selection of Arbitrators in German Practice
3.56
I Typical Selection Criteria
3.57
1 Professional Background and Qualifications
3.58
a) Lawyer v. Non-lawyer
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
b) German-qualified Lawyer?
3.63
3.64
3.65
3.66
2 Experience in Arbitration
3.67
3.68
3.69
3 Language
3.70
3.71
4 Soft Skills and Soft Factors
3.72
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
5 Availability
3.77
3.78
II Considerations on Certain Groups of Legal Professionals
3.79
1 Practicing Lawyers
3.80
3.81
3.82
2 German Judges
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
3 Law Professors; Public Officials
3.87
3.88
3.89
III The Selection Process in German Practice
3.90
1 Where to Find Arbitrator Candidates
3.91
2 Research on Candidates
3.92
3 Initial Contact
3.93
3.94
4 In-person Meeting
3.95
5 Selection Decision
3.96
3.97
E Challenge, Termination, and Replacement
3.98
I Overview of Applicable Rules
3.99
1 Ad hoc Proceedings
3.100
3.101
3.102
3.103
2 Institutional Arbitration
3.104
3.105
3.106
3 IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration
3.107
3.108
4 Significance at the Set Aside and Enforcement Stages
3.109
3.110
3.111
II Lack of Independence or Impartiality
3.112
1 General Principles
3.113
3.114
3.115
3.116
2 Typical Situations
3.117
a) Personal Relations
3.118
3.119
3.120
b) Prior Involvement in the Subject Matter of the Dispute
3.121
3.122
c) Behavior During the Proceedings
3.123
3.124
3.125
3.126
3.127
3 Disclosure Obligation
3.128
3.129
3.130
3.131
3.132
III Lack of Agreed Prerequisites
3.133
IV Challenge Procedure
3.134
3.135
1 Challenge Declaration and the Two-week Deadline
3.136
3.137
2 Withdrawal or Consent by the Other Party
3.138
3 Decision by the Arbitral Tribunal
3.139
3.140
4 Court Review
3.141
3.142
5 Continued Arbitral Proceedings
3.143
V Inability to Perform and Undue Delay
3.144
3.145
1 Inability to Perform
3.146
3.147
3.148
2 Undue Delay
3.149
3 Voluntary Withdrawal
3.150
4 Termination by Party Agreement
3.151
5 Termination by Court Decision
3.152
3.153
3.154
VI Replacement
3.155
3.156
3.157
3.158
F The Arbitrator Agreement
3.159
I Legal Nature of the Arbitrator Agreement
3.160
3.161
3.162
3.163
3.164
II Applicable Law
3.165
III Conclusion of the Arbitrator Agreement
3.166
3.167
3.168
3.169
IV Rights and Obligations of the Arbitrators and the Parties
3.170
1 Efficient Conduct of the Proceedings
3.171
3.172
2 Personal Obligation and the Use of Assistants
3.173
3.174
3.175
3 Instructions by the Parties
3.176
4 Remuneration
a) General Principles
3.177
3.178
3.179
3.180
3.181
b) Reimbursement of Expenses
3.182
3.183
c) Advances on Arbitrator Compensation and Expenses
3.184
3.185
3.186
5 Confidentiality
3.187
6 Accounting
3.188
7 Liability
3.189
3.190
V Term and Termination
3.191
1 Effect of the Termination of the Arbitral Proceedings
3.192
2 Termination by Mutual Agreement
3.193
3.194
3 Unilateral Termination
3.195
a) Termination by the Parties
3.196
3.197
3.198
b) Termination by Arbitrators
3.199
3.200
3.201
3.202
4 Termination of the Office of an Arbitrator
3.203
3.204
4 The Arbitral Proceedings
Preliminary Material
A Overview
4.1
B Legal Framework
4.2
I Hierarchy of Applicable Procedural Rules
4.3
1 Mandatory Law
4.4
4.5
2 Party Agreement
4.6
3 Derogable Law
4.7
4 Discretion of the Tribunal
4.8
a) General Principles
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
b) Party Agreement and Tribunal Discretion
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
II General Principles for the Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings
4.18
1 Equal Treatment of the Parties
4.19
4.20
4.21
2 Right to be Heard
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
3 Limited Investigation
4.27
4.28
4.29
4 Procedural Efficiency and Duty to Further the Proceedings
4.30
5 Procedural Good Faith
4.31
4.32
6 Right to be Represented by Counsel
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
C Typical Structure and Frequent Steps of Arbitral Proceedings
4.37
I Commencement of the Proceedings
4.38
1 Means and Methods of Initiation
a) German ad hoc Proceedings
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
b) DIS Proceedings
4.47
4.48
c) ICC Proceedings
4.49
4.50
4.51
2 Legal Effects
4.52
4.53
4.54
II Initial Submissions; Counterclaims
4.55
4.56
1 Statement of Claim
4.57
4.58
2 Statement of Defense
4.59
3 Burden of Substantiation and Proof
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4 Preclusion
4.64
4.65
4.66
5 Deadlines and Default
4.67
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
6 Amendments to Statement of Claim and Statement of Defense
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.77
7 Counterclaims, Set-off, and Retention Rights
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
8 Drafting Considerations
4.84
4.85
4.86
III Initial Structuring of the Proceedings
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
4.91
4.92
IV Initial Determinations
1 Amount in Dispute
4.93
4.94
4.95
4.96
4.97
2 Advance on Costs
4.98
4.99
3 Jurisdiction
4.100
a) Summary of Legal Framework
4.101
4.102
4.103
b) Preliminary Kompetenz-Kompetenz
4.104
c) Lack of Jurisdiction and Limits of Party Autonomy
4.105
4.106
d) Objection in Statement of Defense
4.107
e) Interim Award and State Court Review
4.108
4.109
V Further Written Submissions
1 General Principles
4.110
2 Submission of Written Witness Statements
4.111
3 Submission of Reports of Party-appointed Experts
4.112
VI Document Disclosure
4.113
1 General Principles
4.114
2 IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration
4.115
4.116
4.117
4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
3 Confidentiality and Privilege
4.122
4.123
4.124
4.125
VII Oral Hearing
4.126
1 General Principles: Necessity, Usefulness, Timing
4.127
4.128
4.129
4.130
4.131
2 Venue
4.132
4.133
3 Participants and Privacy
4.134
4.135
4.136
4.137
4 Minutes; Court Reporter
4.138
4.139
4.140
5 Interpreter
4.141
4.142
6 Time Management
4.143
4.144
4.145
VIII Taking of Evidence
4.146
1 Framework of Applicable Rules
4.147
a) General Principles
4.148
4.149
4.150
4.151
4.152
4.153
b) Institutional Arbitration
4.154
4.155
c) IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration
4.156
4.157
4.158
2 Witness Evidence and Party Examination
4.159
a) Legal Framework and General Principles
4.160
4.161
4.162
4.163
b) Written Witness Statements
4.164
4.165
4.166
c) Witness Preparation
4.167
4.168
d) Witness Examination
4.169
4.170
4.171
4.172
4.173
4.174
e) State Court Assistance
4.175
4.176
3 Expert Evidence
4.177
a) General Principles and Legal Traditions
4.178
4.179
b) Party-appointed Experts
4.180
4.181
c) Tribunal-appointed Experts
4.182
4.183
4.184
4.185
4.186
4.187
4.188
d) Written Expert Report
4.189
e) Oral Examination of Experts and Expert Conferencing
4.190
4.191
f) Challenge of Experts
4.192
4 Documentary Evidence
4.193
4.194
4.195
4.196
5 Inspection
4.197
6 Securing of Evidence
4.198
4.199
7 Procedure for Assistance by State Courts and Taking of Evidence Abroad
4.200
4.201
4.202
IX Post-hearing Steps
1 Post-hearing Briefs
4.203
2 Cost Submissions
4.204
4.205
D Special Situations
4.206
I Multi-party Arbitrations
1 General Principles
4.207
4.208
4.209
4.210
4.211
2 Intervention (Nebenintervention) and Third-party Notice (Streitverkündung)
4.212
4.213
3 Effect of Awards
4.214
4.215
4 Multi-party Situations in Institutional Arbitration
4.216
4.217
5 Class Arbitrations
4.218
II Consolidation of Cases
4.219
4.220
III Parallel Litigation and Arbitration
4.221
4.222
IV Arbitrations Involving Sovereigns
4.223
4.224
4.225
4.226
V Fast-track Arbitration
4.227
4.228
VI Fraud, Money Laundering, and Corruption
4.229
4.230
4.231
4.232
4.233
5 Interim Relief
Preliminary Material
A Overview
5.1
B Interim Relief Before the State Courts
5.2
I Access to State Courts Despite an Arbitration Agreement (s 1033 ZPO)
1 Rationale
5.3
5.4
2 Scope of Application
a) Temporal Scope of s 1033 ZPO
5.5
b) Irrelevance of the Seat of Arbitration
5.6
3 Applicability of General Rules on Interim Measures and Their Modification
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
4 Mandatory Nature of s 1033 ZPO?
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
II Seizure
5.16
1 Request for Writ of Seizure
a) Admissibility
aa) General Prerequisites
5.17
bb) Request
5.18
cc) Competent Court
5.19
5.20
5.21
dd) Representation Before Court
5.22
ee) Legitimate Reason to Take Legal Action
5.23
b) Merits
5.24
aa) Claim to Seizure (Arrestanspruch)
5.25
bb) Grounds for a Writ of Seizure (Arrestgrund)
5.26
(1) Attachment (dinglicher Arrest)
5.27
(2) Arrest (persönlicher Arrest)
5.28
cc) Prima facie Evidence for Claim to Seizure and Grounds for Writ of Seizure
5.29
2 Procedure, Decisions, and Remedies
5.30
a) Dismissal Without Oral Hearing
5.31
b) Order of Seizure Without Oral Hearing
5.32
5.33
c) Dismissal Following an Oral Hearing
5.34
5.35
d) Judgment Ordering Seizure Following an Oral Hearing
5.36
5.37
3 Enforcement of a Writ of Seizure
a) Prerequisites
5.38
5.39
b) Means of Enforcement and Claim for Damages
5.40
III Injunctions
1 Procedure
5.41
5.42
5.43
2 Types of Injunctions
5.44
a) Security Order (Sicherungsverfügung), s 935 ZPO
5.45
5.46
b) Regulatory Order (Regelungsverfügung), s 940 ZPO
5.47
5.48
c) Order for Performance of a Claim (Leistungsverfügung)
5.49
5.50
IV Independent Evidence Proceedings (selbständiges Beweisverfahren)
5.51
1 Admissibility
5.52
a) Consensual or Preservative Independent Evidence Proceedings
5.53
aa) Requirements
5.54
bb) Means of Evidence
5.55
b) Independent Evidence Proceedings for the Avoidance of Legal Proceedings or Other Legitimate Interests
5.56
aa) Requirements
5.57
bb) Means of Evidence
5.58
2 Competent Court
5.59
3 Representation Before Court
5.60
4 Application
5.61
5 Procedure
5.62
6 Effects
5.63
C Interim Relief Before the Arbitral Tribunal (s 1041 ZPO)
5.64
I Preliminary Remarks
1 Legislative History
5.65
2 Non-mandatory Nature
5.66
3 Applicability to Foreign Proceedings
5.67
5.68
5.69
4 Emergency Arbitrators
5.70
II The Arbitral Tribunal’s Order of Interim Relief (s 1041 para 1 ZPO)
5.71
1 Request by a Party
5.72
2 Procedure
5.73
5.74
3 Interim Measures of Protection
5.75
a) Prerequisites for Issuing Interim Measures
aa) The Arbitral Tribunal’s Discretion
5.76
5.77
bb) In Particular: Standard of Proof
5.78
b) Types of Interim Measures
aa) Interim Measures as the Arbitral Tribunal May Consider Necessary
5.79
5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
bb) In Respect of the Subject Matter of the Dispute
5.84
cc) Pre-judgment of the Main Action
5.85
c) Security (s 1041 para 1 cl 2 ZPO)
5.86
4 Form of Interim Measures
a) Form of Decision
5.87
5.88
b) Formal Requirements for Orders of Interim Measures
5.89
5 Effects
a) Binding but not Compelling Effect for the Parties
5.90
5.91
5.92
b) No Binding Effect for the Tribunal
5.93
III The Enforcement by the State Courts
5.94
1 Leave of Enforcement (s 1041 para 2 ZPO)
a) Admissibility
5.95
5.96
5.97
5.98
5.99
b) Merits
5.100
aa) Standard of Review
5.101
5.102
5.103
5.104
bb) Recast
5.105
c) Procedure
5.106
d) Effect
5.107
5.108
5.109
2 Repeal and Amendment (s 1041 para 3 ZPO)
5.110
5.111
3 Claim for Damages (s 1041 para 4 ZPO)
a) Claim
5.112
5.113
b) Enforcement
5.114
D Relation Between Interim Relief Before the State Court and the Arbitral Tribunal
5.115
I Freedom of Choice for Interim Relief
1 Forum Selection by Party Agreement
5.116
5.117
2 Forum Selection by the Applicant
5.118
5.119
5.120
II Parallel Requests for Interim Relief
5.121
5.122
6 The Arbitral Award
Preliminary Material
A Overview
6.1
B Procedures of Dispute Resolution
6.2
I Resolution by Decision of the Arbitral Tribunal
6.3
1 Deliberation
6.4
a) Form and Style
6.5
6.6
6.7
b) Secrecy of Deliberations
aa) Relevance and Protective Function
6.8
6.9
bb) Waivability and Constraints
6.10
6.11
cc) Consequences
6.12
c) Presence of Third Persons
6.13
6.14
6.15
2 Voting (s 1052 ZPO)
6.16
6.17
6.18
II Resolution by Settlement (s 1053 ZPO)
6.19
1 Settlement (s 1053 para 1 cl 1 ZPO)
a) Conclusion of a Settlement
6.20
aa) Settlement
6.21
bb) Settlement Between the Parties
6.22
cc) Settlement of the Dispute
6.23
6.24
dd) Settlement During the Arbitral Proceedings
6.25
b) Validity of the Settlement
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
c) Legal Effects
6.30
d) Effects of Invalid Settlements
6.31
6.32
6.33
2 Award on Agreed Terms
6.34
a) Procedure for Issuing an Award on Agreed Terms (s 1053 para 1 cl 2 ZPO)
6.35
aa) Request by the Parties
6.36
6.37
bb) No Public Policy Violation
6.38
b) Form and Content of an Award on Agreed Terms (s 1053 para 2 cl 1 ZPO)
6.39
6.40
c) Effects of an Award on Agreed Terms
aa) Same Effect as any Other Award (s 1053 para 2 cl 2 ZPO)
6.41
6.42
bb) Substitution of Form Requirements (s 1053 para 3 ZPO)
6.43
6.44
d) Declaration of Enforceability (s 1053 para 4 ZPO)
6.45
C Rules Applicable to the Arbitral Tribunal’s Decision on the Merits and on Costs
6.46
I Decision on Substance (s 1051 ZPO)
6.47
II Decision on Costs (s 1057 ZPO)
1 General Overview
6.48
a) Procedure on Costs in State Court Proceedings
6.49
6.50
6.51
b) Procedure on Costs in Arbitral Proceedings
6.52
6.53
6.54
c) Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal
6.55
6.56
d) Relevant Relationship for Cost Decisions
6.57
6.58
6.59
2 Allocation of Costs
a) Standard for Allocation
6.60
6.61
6.62
6.63
b) Form of Decision and Remedies
6.64
6.65
6.66
3 Amount of Costs
a) Fixed Costs
6.67
b) Standard for Decision on the Amount to be Borne
6.68
6.69
6.70
c) Individual Types of Costs
aa) Arbitrators’ Fees and Expenses
6.71
6.72
6.73
bb) Fees of the Arbitral Institution
6.74
cc) Court Fees
6.75
6.76
dd) Costs for Taking Evidence
6.77
6.78
ee) Costs for Legal Representation
6.79
6.80
6.81
6.82
ff) Other Expenses of the Parties
6.83
gg) Interest on Costs
6.84
d) Form of Decision and Remedies
6.85
D Making of the Arbitral Award
6.86
I Scope of Applicability: Notion of an Arbitral Award
6.87
6.88
6.89
6.90
II Form and Content of the Arbitral Award (s 1054 paras 1 to 3 ZPO)
1 Typical Elements of an Arbitral Award
6.91
2 Form (s 1054 para 1 ZPO)
6.92
a) Written Form
6.93
b) Signatures
6.94
6.95
6.96
3 Reasons (s 1054 para 2 ZPO)
6.97
6.98
6.99
4 Date and Place of Arbitration (s 1054 para 3 ZPO)
6.100
6.101
III Dissenting Opinions
6.102
6.103
IV Scrutiny of an ICC Award by the ICC Court of Arbitration (art 33 ICC Rules)
6.104
V Delivery of the Arbitral Award (s 1054 para 4 ZPO)
6.105
6.106
6.107
E Effects of the Arbitral Award
6.108
I Effects of a Final and Binding Court Judgment (s 1055 ZPO)
6.109
1 Requirement of an Arbitral Award
6.110
6.111
2 Substantive
a) Effects of Substantive res judicata
6.112
6.113
6.114
b) Objective Scope of res judicata
6.115
6.116
6.117
c) Subjective Scope of res judicata
6.118
6.119
d) Temporal Scope of res judicata
6.120
6.121
3 Other Effects
6.122
6.123
6.124
4 Foreign Awards
6.125
II Termination of the Proceedings (s 1056 para 1 ZPO)
6.126
6.127
F Termination Order
6.128
6.129
I Prerequisites
6.130
6.131
1 Failure of Claimant to State its Claim (s 1056 para 2 no 1 lit a ZPO)
6.132
2 Withdrawal of Claim (s 1056 para 2 no 1 lit b ZPO)
6.133
6.134
3 Party Agreement on the Termination of the Proceedings (s 1056 para 2 no 2 ZPO)
6.135
4 Parties’ Failure to Pursue the Proceedings (s 1056 para 2 no 3 option 1 ZPO)
6.136
5 Impossibility of Continuation of the Proceedings (s 1056 para 2 no 3 option 2 ZPO)
6.137
6 Other Reasons
6.138
II Form and Content
6.139
III Effects
1 Termination of the Proceedings (s 1056 para 1 ZPO)
6.140
6.141
2 Other Effects
6.142
IV Remedies
6.143
6.144
G Correction, Interpretation, and Supplementation of the Arbitral Award (s 1058 ZPO)
6.145
I Correction (s 1058 para 1 no 1 ZPO)
6.146
II Interpretation (s 1058 para 1 no 2 ZPO)
6.147
III Additional Award (s 1058 para 1 no 3 ZPO)
6.148
IV Request
1 Request by a Party (s 1058 paras 1, 4 ZPO)
6.149
2 Deadline (s 1058 para 2 ZPO)
6.150
6.151
V Procedure
1 Right to be Heard
6.152
2 Deadline (s 1058 para 3 ZPO)
6.153
3 Form of Decision (s 1058 para 5 ZPO)
6.154
6.155
H Setting Aside of Arbitral Awards (s 1059 ZPO)
I Spirit and Purpose
6.156
6.157
6.158
II Application for Setting Aside as the Only Recourse (s 1059 para 1 ZPO)
1 Binding Effect of an Arbitral Award not yet Set Aside
6.159
2 No Incidental Review of an Arbitral Award
6.160
3 Other Remedies Against the Arbitral Award
6.161
6.162
6.163
6.164
4 Waiver of Remedies
6.165
6.166
III Admissibility
6.167
6.168
1 Domestic Award
6.169
a) Limitation to Arbitral Awards
6.170
6.171
b) Void Awards
6.172
c) Limitation to Domestic Awards
6.173
2 Competent Court (s 1062 ZPO)
6.174
6.175
3 Proper Representation (s 1063 para 4, s 78 para 3 ZPO)
6.176
4 Specified Request for Relief
6.177
5 Application Deadline (s 1059 para 3 cls 1– 3 ZPO)
6.178
6.179
6.180
6 No Declaration of Enforceability (s 1059 para 3 cl 4 ZPO)
6.181
7 Grievance
6.182
8 Legitimate Reason to Take Legal Action
6.183
6.184
IV Merits
6.185
1 Party Opposing the Application
6.186
2 Grounds for Setting Aside (s 1059 para 2 ZPO)
a) General
aa) Exhaustive Character
6.187
bb) No Mutual Exclusivity
6.188
cc) Burden of Proof
6.189
dd) No Binding Effect of the Arbitral Tribunal’s Findings
6.190
ee) Sufficient Cause for Grounds for Setting Aside Under s 1059 para 2 no 1 ZPO
6.191
6.192
b) Lack of Legitimation of the Arbitral Tribunal
6.193
aa) Invalidity of the Arbitration Agreement (s 1059 para 2 no 1 lit a option 2 ZPO)
(1) General Grounds for Invalidity
6.194
6.195
(2) Lack of Form
6.196
6.197
(3) No Exclusion of the Ground for Setting Aside
6.198
6.199
6.200
bb) Incapacity of a Party (s 1059 para 2 no 1 lit a option 1 ZPO)
6.201
cc) Lack of Arbitrability (s 1059 para 2 no 2 lit a ZPO)
6.202
dd) Award Exceeding the Scope of the Arbitration Clause (s 1059 para 2 no 1 lit c ZPO)
6.203
6.204
6.205
c) Severe Irregularities
6.206
aa) Party’s Inability to Present its Case (s 1059 para 2 no 1 lit b ZPO)
6.207
6.208
6.209
6.210
6.211
6.212
bb) Flawed Composition of the Arbitral Tribunal (s 1059 para 2 no 1 lit d option 1 ZPO)
6.213
(1) Flawed Composition
6.214
6.215
(2) Impact on the Arbitral Award
6.216
(3) Preclusion and Binding Prior Decisions
6.217
6.218
cc) Flawed Arbitral Procedure (s 1059 para 2 no 1 lit d option 2 ZPO)
6.219
(1) Flawed Procedure
6.220
6.221
6.222
(2) Impact on the Arbitral Award
6.223
(3) Preclusion
6.224
dd) Public Policy Violation (s 1059 para 2 no 2 lit b ZPO)
6.225
(1) Standard
6.226
6.227
(2) Procedural Public Policy
6.228
6.229
6.230
(3) Substantive Public Policy
6.231
6.232
V Procedure
6.233
1 Right to be Heard (s 1063 para 1 cl 2 ZPO)
6.234
2 Oral Hearing (s 1063 para 2 ZPO)
6.235
3 No Default Judgments
6.236
4 Court Fees, Lawyer’s Fees, and Amount in Dispute
6.237
6.238
6.239
VI Decision and Remedies
1 Form of Decision (s 1063 para 1 cl 1 ZPO)
6.240
2 Effects of an Order Setting Aside the Award
6.241
a) Effects on the Arbitral Award
6.242
b) Effects on the Arbitration Agreement (s 1059 para 5 ZPO)
6.243
c) Remission of the Case (s 1059 para 4 ZPO)
6.244
3 Remedy (s 1065 ZPO)
6.245
I Enforceability of Domestic Arbitral Awards (s 1060 ZPO)
6.246
6.247
I Spirit and Purpose
1 Recognition, Enforcement, and Declaration of Enforceability
6.248
6.249
6.250
6.251
6.252
2 Need for a Declaration of Enforceability
a) Basis for Enforcement
6.253
b) Fortification Against Grounds for Setting Aside?
6.254
c) Basis for Altering a Legal Right or Status?
6.255
d) Basis for Recognition by Public Authorities?
6.256
3 Other Means to Enforce an Arbitral Award
a) Declaration of Enforceability of an Award on Agreed Terms by a Public Notary
6.257
b) Actions Based on the Duty to Comply with the Award
6.258
6.259
c) Actions Based on the Awarded Claim
6.260
II Admissibility
6.261
1 Domestic Award
6.262
2 Specified Request for Relief
6.263
6.264
3 Legitimate Reason to Take Legal Action
6.265
6.266
6.267
6.268
III Merits
6.269
1 Party Opposing the Application
6.270
2 Non- existence of Grounds for Setting Aside (s 1060 para 2 cl 1 ZPO)
6.271
3 Exclusion of Grounds for Setting Aside
a) Final Rejection of an Application for Setting Aside (s 1060 para 2 cl 2 ZPO)
6.272
b) Expiry of the Time Limit for Filing a Setting Aside Application (s 1060 para 2 cl 3 ZPO)
6.273
6.274
c) Waiver of Grounds for Setting Aside
6.275
4 Substantive Law Objections Against the Awarded Claim
6.276
6.277
6.278
IV Procedure
6.279
1 Right to be Heard (s 1063 para 1 cl 2 ZPO)
6.280
2 Documents to Supply (s 1064 ZPO)
6.281
3 Oral Hearing (s 1063 para 2 ZPO)
6.282
4 Interim Measures (s 1063 para 3 ZPO)
6.283
V Effects of an Order on the Declaration of Enforceability
1 Order Granting a Declaration of Enforceability
6.284
6.285
2 Order Denying a Declaration of Enforceability
6.286
J Recognition and Enforceability of Foreign Arbitral Awards (s 1061 ZPO)
6.287
I Spirit and Purpose
1 Recognition, Enforcement, and Declaration of Enforceability
6.288
6.289
6.290
6.291
2 Other Court Actions in the Context of Foreign Arbitral Awards
6.292
6.293
6.294
6.295
II Admissibility
6.296
1 Foreign Award
a) Limitation to Arbitral Awards
6.297
6.298
6.299
6.300
6.301
6.302
b) Limitation to Foreign Awards
6.303
2 Competent Court (s 1062 ZPO)
6.304
3 Legitimate Reason to Take Legal Action
6.305
III Merits
6.306
1 Party Opposing the Application
6.307
2 Non- existence of Grounds for Denial of Recognition and Enforceability (Art V NYC)
6.308
6.309
a) Invalidity of the Arbitration Agreement (Art V para 1 lit a option 2 NYC)
6.310
6.311
6.312
b) Non- binding Award (Art V para 1 lit e NYC)
6.313
6.314
c) Public Policy Violation (Art V para 2 lit b NYC)
6.315
aa) Standard
6.316
bb) Procedural International Public Policy
6.317
6.318
6.319
6.320
6.321
cc) Substantive International Public Policy
6.322
3 Exclusion of Grounds for Denial of Recognition and Enforceability
a) Preclusion due to Inactivity in the Arbitral Proceedings
6.323
b) Preclusion due to Inactivity After the Arbitral Proceedings
6.324
6.325
c) Waiver of Grounds for Denial of Recognition and Enforceability
6.326
4 Substantive Law Objections Against the Awarded Claim
6.327
IV Procedure
1 General
6.328
2 Documents to Supply (s 1064 ZPO)
6.329
6.330
V Effects of an Order on the Declaration of Enforceability
1 Order Granting a Declaration of Enforceability
6.331
2 Order Denying a Declaration of Enforceability (s 1061 para 2 ZPO)
6.332
VI Setting Aside the Declaration of Enforceability (s 1061 para 3 ZPO)
6.333
VII Other Treaties on the Recognition and Enforceability of Foreign Arbitral Awards
6.334
6.335
6.336
6.337
Further Material
Annexes
Annex A German Code of Civil Procedure, Book 10: Arbitration Procedure
Ch.1 General provisions
s.1025 Scope of application
s.1026 Extent of court intervention
s.1027 Loss of right to object
s.1028 Receipt of written communications in case of unknown whereabouts
Ch.2 Arbitration agreement
s.1029 Definition
s.1030 Arbitrability
s.1031 Form of arbitration agreement
s.1032 Arbitration agreement and substantive claim before court
s.1033 Arbitration agreement and interim measures by court
Ch.3 Composition of arbitral tribunal
s.1034 Constitution of arbitral tribunal
s.1035 Appointment of arbitrators
s.1036 Challenge of an arbitrator
s.1037 Challenge procedure
s.1038 Failure or impossibility to act
s.1039 Appointment of substitute arbitrator
Ch.4 Jurisdiction of arbitral tribunal
s.1040 Competence of arbitral tribunal to rule on its jurisdiction
s.1041 Interim measures of protection
Ch.5 Conduct of arbitral proceedings
s.1042 General rules of procedure
s.1043 Place of arbitration
s.1044 Commencement of arbitral proceedings
s.1045 Language of proceedings
s.1046 Statements of claim and defence
s.1047 Oral hearings and written proceedings
s.1048 Default of a party
s.1049 Expert appointed by arbitral tribunal
s.1050 Court assistance in taking evidence and other judicial acts
Ch.6 Making of award and termination of proceedings
s.1051 Rules applicable to substance of dispute
s.1052 Decision-making by panel of arbitrators
s.1053 Settlement
s.1054 Form and contents of award
s.1055 Effects of arbitral award
s.1056 Termination of proceedings
s.1057 Decision on costs
s.1058 Correction and interpretation of award; additional award
Ch.7 Recourse against award
s.1059 Application for setting aside
Ch.8 Recognition and enforcement of awards
s.1060 Domestic awards
s.1061 Foreign awards
Ch.9 Court proceedings
s.1062 Competence
s.1063 General provisions
s.1064 Particularities regarding the enforcement of awards
s.1065 Legal remedies
Ch.10 Arbitral tribunals not established by agreement
s.1066 Mutatis mutandis application of the provisions of the Book 10
Annex B New York Convention
Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
Art.I
Art.II
Art.III
Art.IV
Art.V
Art.VI
Art.VII
Art.VIII
Art.IX
Art.X
Art.XI
Art.XII
Art.XIII
Art.XIV
Art.XV
Art.XVI
Annex C UNCITRAL Recommendation
Recommendation regarding the interpretation of article II, paragraph 2, and article VII, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, done in New York, 10 June 1958, adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 7 July 2006 at its thirty-ninth session
Annex D European Convention
European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration
Art.I Scope of the Convention
Art.II Right of legal persons of public law to resort to arbitration
Art.III Right of foreign nationals to be designated as arbitrators
Art.IV Organization of the arbitration
Art.V Plea as to arbitral jurisdiction
Art.VI Jurisdiction of courts of law
Art.VII Applicable law
Art.VIII Reasons for the award
Art.IX Setting aside of the arbitral award
Art.X Final clauses
Annex E UNCITRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitral Proceedings
Introduction
Purpose of the Notes
Non-binding character of the Notes
Discretion in conduct of proceedings and usefulness of timely decisions on organizing proceedings
Multi-party arbitration
Process of making decisions on organizing arbitral proceedings
List of matters for possible consideration in organizing arbitral proceedings
List of matters for possible consideration in organizing arbitral proceedings
Annotations
1 Set of arbitration rules
If the parties have not agreed on a set of arbitration rules, would they wish to do so
2 Language of proceedings
(a) Possible need for translation of documents, in full or in part
(b) Possible need for interpretation of oral presentations
(c) Cost of translation and interpretation
3 Place of arbitration
(a) Determination of the place of arbitration, if not already agreed upon by the parties
(b) Possibility of meetings outside the place of arbitration
4 Administrative services that may be needed for the arbitral tribunal to carry out its functions
5 Deposits in respect of costs
(a) Amount to be deposited
(b) Management of deposits
(c) Supplementary deposits
6 Confidentiality of information relating to the arbitration; possible agreement thereon
7 Routing of written communications among the parties and the arbitrators
8 Telefax and other electronic means of sending documents
(a) Telefax
(b) Other electronic means (e.g. electronic mail and magnetic or optical disk)
9 Arrangements for the exchange of written submissions
(a) Scheduling of written submissions
(b) Consecutive or simultaneous submissions
10 Practical details concerning written submissions and evidence (e.g. method of submission, copies, numbering, references)
11 Defining points at issue; order of deciding issues; defining relief or remedy sought
(a) Should a list of points at issue be prepared
(b) In which order should the points at issue be decided
(c) Is there a need to define more precisely the relief or remedy sought
12 Possible settlement negotiations and their effect on scheduling proceedings
13 Documentary evidence
(a) Time-limits for submission of documentary evidence intended to be submitted by the parties; consequences of late submission
(b) Whether the arbitral tribunal intends to require a party to produce documentary evidence
(c) Should assertions about the origin and receipt of documents and about the correctness of photocopies be assumed as accurate
(d) Are the parties willing to submit jointly a single set of documentary evidence
(e) Should voluminous and complicated documentary evidence be presented through summaries, tabulations, charts, extracts or samples
14 Physical evidence other than documents
(a) What arrangements should be made if physical evidence will be submitted
(b) What arrangements should be made if an on-site inspection is necessary
15 Witnesses
(a) Advance notice about a witness whom a party intends to present; written witnesses’ statements
(b) Manner of taking oral evidence of witnesses
(i) Order in which questions will be asked and the manner in which the hearing of witnesses will be conducted
(ii) Whether oral testimony will be given under oath or affirmation and, if so, in what form an oath or affirmation should be made
(iii) May witnesses be in the hearing room when they are not testifying
(c) The order in which the witnesses will be called
(d) Interviewing witnesses prior to their appearance at a hearing
(e) Hearing representatives of a party
16 Experts and expert witnesses
(a) Expert appointed by the arbitral tribunal
(i) The expert’s terms of reference
(ii) The opportunity of the parties to comment on the expert’s report, including by presenting expert testimony
(b) Expert opinion presented by a party (expert witness)
17 Hearings
(a) Decision whether to hold hearings
(b) Whether one period of hearings should be held or separate periods of hearings
(c) Setting dates for hearings
(d) Whether there should be a limit on the aggregate amount of time each party will have for oral arguments and questioning witnesses
(e) The order in which the parties will present their arguments and evidence
(f) Length of hearings
(g) Arrangements for a record of the hearings
(h) Whether and when the parties are permitted to submit notes summarizing their oral arguments
18 Multi-party arbitration
19 Possible requirements concerning filing or delivering the award
Who should take steps to fulfil any requirement
Annex F IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration
Preamble
Definitions
Art.1 Scope of Application
Art.2 Consultation on Evidentiary Issues
Art.3 Documents
Art.4 Witnesses of Fact
Art.5 Party-Appointed Experts
Art.6 Tribunal-Appointed Experts
Art.7 Inspection
Art.8 Evidentiary Hearing
Art.9 Admissibility and Assessment of Evidence
Annex G IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration
Introduction
Part I: General Standards Regarding Impartiality, Independence and Disclosure
(1) General Principle
Explanation to General Standard 1:
(2) Conflicts of Interest
Explanation to General Standard 2:
(3) Disclosure by the Arbitrator
Explanation to General Standard 3:
(4) Waiver by the Parties
Explanation to General Standard 4:
(5) Scope
Explanation to General Standard 5:
(6) Relationships
Explanation to General Standard 6:
(7) Duty of the Parties and the Arbitrator
Explanation to General Standard 7:
Part II: Practical Application of the General Standards
1 Non-Waivable Red List
2 Waivable Red List
3 Orange List
4 Green List
Bibliography
Index
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Annex G IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration
From:
Commercial Arbitration in Germany
Richard Kreindler, Reinmar Wolff, Markus S. Rieder
Content type:
Book content
Product:
International Commercial Arbitration [ICMA]
Published in print:
24 March 2016
ISBN:
9780199676811
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