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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Dedication
Author Biography
Foreword to the Second Edition
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgments
Contents
Table of Cases
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
England
European Court of Justice
Finland
France
Germany
Hong Kong
International Court of Justice
The Netherlands
Singapore
South Africa
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
Table of Legislation
Australia
Belgium
Canada
China
Dutch
Ecuador
Egypt
England
France
Germany
Great Britain
Hong Kong
India
Ireland, Northern
Italy
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Scotland
Singapore
South Africa
Sweden
Switzerland
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 1985
United Kingdom
United Kingdom – Statutory Instruments
United States – Constitution
United States – Federal
United States – Restatements/American Law Institute (ALI)
United States – State Statutes
Wales
Table of Treaties and Agreements
European Directives, Regulations, Treaties and Conventions
Table of Arbitral Awards
Ad Hoc And Miscellaneous Awards
American Arbitration Association (AAA)
Arbitral Tribunal For The Agreement On German External Debt
International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Additional Facility
International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Arbitration
International Chamber Of Commerce (Icc) Awards
Iran-U.S. Claims tribunal
London Court Of International Arbitration (LCIA)
Netherlands Arbitration Institute
Netherlands Royal Association Of The Committee Of Grain Traders
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
Table of Rules
American Arbitration Association (AAA)
AAA/ABA Code of Ethics see American Bar Association
American Bar Association (ABA)
American Law Institute (ALI)/Unidroit
China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC)
Claims Resolution Tribunal (Switzerland)
Finland Central Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Insitute
International bank for reconstruction and development
International Bar Association (IBA)
International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC)
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
International Law Commission
International Monetary Fund
London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA)
Model Rules of Professional Conduct
National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD)
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
Stockholm chamber of commerce
Swiss rules of international arbitration 2004\120
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
Table of Authorities (Books and Articles)
Main Text
Part I The Nature of International Business Arbitration
1 The Maturing of Arbitration: Continuity and Change
A Introduction: The Two Faces of Autumn
B From Hard Law to Soft Law
C The Three Musketeers of Arbitral Duty
Accuracy, fairness and efficiency
An enforceable award: the fourth musketeer
D The Challenge of Caribbean Niquel
The right to comment
Conflicting duties
E Arbitral Jurisdiction
The Parcel Tankers case
Excess of authority
The political context
The right answer to the wrong question
The second agreement
Substantive merits versus arbitral jurisdiction
Opt-in for class members
A legacy of open questions
F Signposts to the Future
Arbitral duties and societal values
Enforceability revisited
Procedural rules on costs
Substantive mandatory norms
Refining notions of bias
Rehabilitating the search for truth
Perceptions of accuracy
The interaction of accuracy, fairness and efficiency
Common sense and compromise
Vacated awards
G Conclusion: Why Maturity Matters
2 Arbitrator Integrity: The Transient and the Permanent
A Level Playing Fields
Heracleitus meets the Psalmist
Why bias matters
Two ways to sabotage arbitration
B Problematic Relationships and Attitudes
The basics: independence and impartiality
Can integrity be waived?
The devil in the detail
Clear conflicts
Variations on a theme
The parties’ role in arbitrator selection
C New Frontiers
Issue conflict and role confusion
Institutional bias and professional affiliation
Repeat players
Duty to investigate
D Challenges in Investor State Arbitration
The paradigm shift
Critiques of arbitrator integrity in investor-state cases
Systemic bias in favor of investors
Disillusionment with arbitration
Mechanics of challenge: basic texts
Filling the gaps
The effect of institutional rules and case law
The specificity of investment cases
Transnational standards and “soft law”
Professional guidelines
International Bar Association Guidelines
Synthesizing legal norms
E Three Recurring Problems
Trivial and “ de minimis ” contacts
Saying too much too early
Barristers
Shared chambers
International Bar Association Guidelines
Collegiality and the “outside” arbitrator
F Intellectual Integrity
Baby splitting
Amiable composition
Creeping legalism
G The Object of an Arbitrator’s Duties
3 Arbitrators and Accuracy
A A View from the Hilltop
B Rivals of Award Accuracy
An era of disenchantment
The “peace treaty” subtext
The arbitrator’s mission
C Tools for Fact-Finding
The impact of legal culture
Conflict, convergence and proportionality
The role of complexity
D The Truth about Law
Jura novit curia
Transnational norms
Between substance and procedure
The arbitrator as synthesizer
Non-signatories and implied consent
Lawyer-client privilege
Prior awards
Amiable composition
E From Oracle to Evidence
F Epilogue
4 The Politics of Class Action Arbitration: Jurisdictional Legitimacy and Vindication of Contract Rights
A The Problematic Nature of Collective Action
Two cases, one theme
Politics and judicial attitudes
Enter investor protection
Taxonomy: class actions, consolidation and joinder
B Award Vacatur and Contract Interpretation
Parcel Tankers and antitrust
Excess of authority
The “silent” clause
The right answer to the wrong question
The nature of arbitral authority
Defining the class
C Freedom of Contract and Class Action Waivers
AT&T Mobility and the nature of arbitration
Lower court reactions
Amex merchants
Choice-of-law principles
D Looking to the Future
E Conclusion: Efficiency and Consent
5 Arbitration’s Procedural Matrix
A Introduction: The Type of Change We Call Progress
Fifty years of movement
Explaining change
Saris and catsuits
Intellectual cross-pollination
Accident or design?
B Arbitration and the Courts: The Scope of Judicial Oversight
The emergence of laissez-faire judicial review
Competing models of judicial review
The public policy wrinkle
The French influence and “delocalization”
The Belgian experiment
American exceptionalism
Manifest disregard of the law
Consumers and employees
Arbitral jurisdiction
Subject matter arbitrability
Contract scope
Separability and compétence-compétence
Error of law or excess of jurisdiction?
When may a claim be brought?
C Investment Treaties, Backlash and Public Policy
Paradigm shifts
Lessons from the North American Free Trade Agreement
Politicized dispute resolution and global economic efficiency
The new free trade agreements
D Guidelines for the Conduct of Proceedings
The emergence of soft law
Balancing fairness and efficiency
Due process
Notions of procedural fairness
Elements of procedural integrity
Judicialization
Rhetoric and reality
Institutional provisions
Baselines and equal treatment
The example of in-house privilege
Timing and the establishment of rules
Secondary markets for procedural norms: some examples
Who gets the last word?
Ex parte interim measures
Conflicts of interest
Procedural predictability: a modest proposal
E Conclusion: A View from Mount Pisgah
Part II Legal Framework: Courts, Statutes and Treaties
A Arbitral Jurisdiction
1 Who Decides What? A Comment on Lesotho Highlands
A Drawing Lines
B The Lesotho Highlands Decision
Error of law or excess of powers?
Prohibition on Bootstrapping
C Allocating Tasks Between Judge and Arbitrator
First principles
Party expectations
Ripeness and staleness
D The End of Litigation or the Beginning?
2 The Arbitrability Dicta in First Options
A Introduction
B When and Why Arbitral Jurisdiction Matters
The public side of private adjudication
The arbitrator: neither judge, vigilante nor officious intermeddler
C An Overview of First Options v. Kaplan
D The First Options Arbitrability Dicta
E What the Dicta Might Mean
Elements of arbitrability
Existence of the arbitration agreement
Scope of the arbitrator’s power
Public policy
Plausible application of the dicta
A second arbitration agreement
Questions for the arbitrator
Contract terms
Waiver and delay
Open-ended arbitration clauses
Dubious (mis)applications of the dicta
Binding non-signatories through voodoo jurisprudence
Prima facie existence of the arbitration clause
Public policy
F Conclusion
3 The Contours of Arbitral Jurisdiction
A Introduction
B Arbitration and Asset Management
Background: foxes, chickens and juries
Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds
Not so fast: waiver of constitutional rights in Kloss v. Jones
C Racketeering and the Practice of Medicine
Pacificare Health Systems
The meaning of punitive damages
D Conclusion
4 Private Adjudicators and the Public Interest
A Introduction
B Of Automobiles and Antitrust
C Subject Matter Arbitrability: Characterizing Claims and Prioritizing Policies
Taxonomy: Non-negotiable public law claims
A hierarchy of policies
D The “Second Look” Doctrine
Blackmun’s dicta
Fitting the “second look” into the structure of the 1958 New York Arbitration Convention
Elaborating the “second look” doctrine
The arbitrator’s double bind
E Choice of Law and Imperative National Norms
F The Next Confrontation: The Bankruptcy Code
G Justifying a Double Standard of Arbitrability
The special needs of international business
Society’s interest in enforcing the law
Society’s interest in efficient transnational dispute resolution
Neutral national courts
Contemplating alternatives
H Conclusion
5 The Arbitrator’s Jurisdiction to Determine Jurisdiction
A Introduction: The Limits of Language
B The Basics
An anti-sabotage mechanism
The principle in primitive form
Diversity: the timing and impact of court intervention
Judicial intervention: when and to what extent?
The shadow of public power
Timing
Effect of an arbitrator’s determination
A cautionary tale about an (allegedly) lazy professor
A word on procedural context
Three meanings of Kompetenz-Kompetenz
No automatic stop to the arbitration
Giving arbitrators the first word
The arbitrator’s decision is final
Jurisdiction as a question of substantive merits
German doctrine: then and now
French and Swedish perspectives
The American “arbitrability question”
Paradigms and hybrids: another look at timing
Policy concerns
Extremes: France and the United States
United States
France
Hybrids: England, Switzerland and the UNCITRAL Model
England
Switzerland
The UNCITRAL Model Law
The first word and the last
Baseline positions
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
The devil in the detail
C Clarifications
Supra-national adjudicatory bodies
Applicable law
The autonomy of the arbitration clause
D Taxonomy: What is a Jurisdictional Question?
Existence, scope and public policy
Common trouble spots
Who is a party?
Meaning of contract terms
Waiver, delay and other post-contract events
Ab Initio Invalidity of the Arbitration Agreement
Procedure
Admissibility
The nature of authority: out of bounds or just wrong?
Party consent
The arbitrator’s job: competing principles
Consent and presumptions
Public policy
General subject matter limits
Restrictions for specific cases
Content of the award
E Items for Further Consideration
“Manifestly void” clauses in France
The new approach in Germany
The Kompetenz-Kompetenz Clause
The 1998 reforms
The parties’ expectations
Avoiding extremes
Arbitral jurisdiction and contract interpretation
The litigants’ role in creating arbitral authority
Paradigm cases: foreign currency and punitive damages
The House of Lords in Lesotho Highlands
Punitive damages: the Supreme Court in Pacificare
The “arbitrability question” in the United States
Legal framework
Overview
Void and voidable clauses
The dictum in first options
Possible applications of the dictum
Multiple contexts of “arbitrability”
Existence of arbitration clause
Scope
Broad and “open ended” clauses
Judicial deference toward contract recitals
Amplifying First Options in subsequent case law
Time limits
Class actions
Consumer transactions
Legal framework: Justice Astbury’s ghost
Jurisdiction in credit and securities operations
The next step
F Conclusion: Costs and Benefits
6 Non-Signatories and International Contracts
A Introduction
B Less-Than-Obvious Parties
The basics
A spectrum of approaches
Implied consent
Disregard of corporate personality
Conceptual overlaps
A word on taxonomy: unsigned agreements
The devil in the detail: relevant criteria
C Transnational Norms
Governing law
Arbitral precedent
Deemed consent
Estoppel
Chains of transactions
D The Lex Societatis
Veil piercing
The place of incorporation
E The “Group of Companies” Doctrine
The Dow Chemical award
Consenting non-signatories
Impact in practice
F Conclusion
B Judicial Supervision
1 Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?
2 Why Courts Review Arbitral Awards
A Judicial Control Mechanisms
Finality and fairness
Models of judicial scrutiny
B Situs Review
Historical perspective
Efficiency
Treaty framework
The vitality of substantive law
C The Specificity of International Arbitration
Separate regimes for domestic and international arbitration
Appropriate review standards
Criteria for defining “international” arbitration
3 The Arbitral Situs and the Lex Loci Arbitri
A The Nationality of Awards
Territoriality of the lex arbitri
Scope of application of the lex loci arbitri
The French experience
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
B The Prism of English Arbitration Law
The “special case”
The call for reform
The Arbitration Act 1979
Judicial attitudes toward arbitral autonomy
Excess of authority
C Conclusion
4 Saving the Federal Arbitration Act
A A Time to Be Proactive
The varieties of arbitration
The ghost of Justice Astbury
A separate framework for international transactions
C The Effect of Annulment
1 What is to be Done with Annulled Awards?
2 Duty and Discretion in International Arbitration
A Introduction
B Annulled Awards
Options
Case law
C The Interaction of Treaty and Statute
Control mechanisms
The New York Convention
Framework
Convention Article V(1)(e)
Text
Context
Interpretation
Approved annulment standards
D Comity toward Annulments
Bad faith and public policy
Enforcing bargains
Implied rules of the road
The ill-advised business manager
Refusal to vacate
E Conclusion
D The Architecture of Arbitration
1 The Interaction of Courts and Arbitrators in England
A Introduction
B Backdrop to the 1996 Arbitration Act
General approach
Scope
Institutional rules as an “agreement otherwise”
C The Arbitration Agreement
Definitions
Separability
“Special category” disputes
Domestic agreements
Consumer transactions
D Interim Matters
Jurisdictional rulings
The court’s supportive powers
The arbitral proceedings
Security for costs
Inherent jurisdiction
E Awards
Statutory skeleton
Points of law
Serious procedural irregularity
Substantive jurisdiction
Limits on the right to challenge
The “making” of an award
F Conclusion
2 Amending the Federal Arbitration Act
A Introduction
B American Arbitration Law
Scope of the Federal Arbitration Act
The need for a new statute
Manifest disregard of the law
The Wilko dictum
Westerbeke v. Daihatsu
C The Specificity of International Arbitration
Arbitration’s role in cross-border transactions
What makes arbitration international?
D Judicial Scrutiny of Awards
Statute, treaty, and public policy
Why, when and how courts review awards
Alternatives
Situs review
Efficiency
Vitality of national substantive law
E The Devil in the Details: Possible Contours of New FAA Provisions
Optimal judicial review for international arbitration
Secondary matters
Jurisdictional determinations
The impact of state law
Arbitral venue
Modification of court scrutiny
Consumer and employment contracts revisited
The current scope of the FAA
Making distinctions
Importing the European experience
A smörgåsbord approach
F Fear of Reform Overdose
A Pandora’s box of special interests
Random change or reasoned reform?
G Investor-Host State Arbitrations
Blurred lines: the NAFTA experience
H Conclusion
3 National Constraints on International Arbitration
A Private Consent and Public Power
B Matters Affected by National Arbitration Law
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
C The Arbitral Situs
The “law of the arbitration”
Why the arbitral situs matters
D Award Annulment: Why and to What Effect
Waiver of the right to challenge an award
Public and private interests in annulment procedure
Models for judicial review
The perspective of the enforcement forum
E Multiple Procedural Norms
Questions incident to enforcement
Choice-of-law issues
Competing curial laws
F Keeping National Law in Perspective
G Courts and Arbitral Jurisdiction
H The Special Status of International Arbitration
4 The International Currency of Awards
A Introduction
B Treaty Framework
C Scope of Convention Coverage
Nationality generally irrelevant
Awards
Agreements
Written form and signature
Reservations
D Defenses to Enforcement
E Recognition of Awards Set Aside where Rendered
Overview
F The Role of the New York Convention in Promoting Reliability
5 Convention Violations and Investment Claims
A Rights in Search of Remedies
B Recourse to Investment Treaties: Saipem v. Bangladesh
The underlying dispute
The ICSID proceeding
C Jurisdiction and Forum Non Conveniens
An American trilogy
Interplay of national law and the New York Convention
Construing the New York Convention
Rules of procedure where relied upon
The approach in Monégasque de Reassurances
Drafting History
National practice
Public interests and proper parties
Consent to jurisdiction clauses
D Whence and Whither
6 Treaty Obligations and National Law: Emerging Conflicts in International Arbitration
A Introduction
B The New York Convention
Award enforcement
Convention overview
Taxonomy: recognition without enforcement
The recognition forum’s rules of procedure
The Convention text
Drafting history
The United States implementing legislation
Analogies to federalism consideration
The three-year rule
Practice of other nations
C Constitutionality of Treaty Obligations
Award recognition and foreign defendants
Due process: minimum contacts with the forum state
Nationwide contacts
Lessons from Shaffer v. Heitner
Assets and award execution
Prelude: CME v. Zelezny
The Fourth Circuit decision in Base Metal
A further look at reasonableness
When assets are absent
D Toward a Realistic Assessment of Personal Jurisdiction
Consent to jurisdiction clauses
Implied waiver: the significance of the arbitral seat
E The Role for Forum Non Conveniens
The public interest in respect for treaty obligations
Determining the proper party
F Award Enforcement as a Multi-Step Process
G Conclusion
E The Contractual Context
1 A Cautionary Tale about Home-Town Justice
A Getting into the Right Court
B Staying Out of the Wrong Court
C Jurisdiction by Contract: Who Decides?
D Jurisdiction by Contract: Taxonomy
E Consumer Transactions
F Forum Shopping
G Adjudicatory Neutrality
H Contemplating Options: Courts or Arbitrators?
2 The Arbitration Clause: Drafting Considerations
A Items to Consider
The commitment to arbitrate
Constituting the tribunal
The appointing authority
Arbitrator qualifications
Independence
Expertise: Substantive and procedural
Compensation
Confidentiality
Majority decisions
Truncated tribunals
Arbitral awards
Reasoned awards
Publishing awards
Precedential value of awards
Last best offer arbitration
Venue
Choice of law
B Model Arbitration Clause
Unequivocal commitment to arbitrate
Arbitrator qualifications
Arbitral seat
Language
No right of appeal
Judgment on award
Applicable law
Interim measures
Multi-agreement and multi-party issues
Rules of evidence
Sovereign immunity (contracts with foreign governments or their agencies)
Alternate waiver of immunity
Discovery (a rifle shot rather than a scatter-gun)
Confidentiality
Conciliation
Part III Arbitral Proceedings: Establishing the Facts and Applying the Law
A Counterpoise Between Fairness and Efficiency
1 Arbitration’s Discontents: of Elephants and Pornography
A Abuse in Arbitration
Sources of unhappiness
“We know it when we see it”
Baselines
Documentary discovery
Costs
B Neutrality and Efficiency
Abuse of court procedures
Abuse of procedural rights
The tension between fairness and efficiency
Problematic elements of arbitral procedure
Excessive submissions
Spurious attacks on arbitrators’ independence
Improper jurisdictional challenges
Inappropriate objections
C Searching for Fairness
D Discouraging Abuse
Arbitral proceedings
Court-related abuse
2 The Value of Rules and the Risks of Discretion: Arbitration’s Protean Nature
A Introduction: The Why and How of Arbitration
Diversity of motive and method
Common themes
B Arbitral Discretion
The benefits of procedural autonomy
Two meanings of “rules”
C The Downside of Discretion
The need for default procedural protocols
Arbitral orthodoxy
D Arbitration’s Architecture
Institutional provisions
Illustrative questions: privilege and discovery
Consensus and legal culture
E Alternative Procedural Menus
“Rules light” and “rules rich”
Supplementary “opt-in” rules
Gamesmanship, over-specificity and escape hatches
F Lore, Literature and Fairness
Generally accepted norms
Perceptions of fairness
G Costs and Benefits of Innovation
Ex ante and ex post rule-making
Market forces
Risks of reform
H The Devil in the Details
Triage and drafting
Surprise and sequestration
I Conclusion
3 Two Faces of Progress: Fairness and Flexibility in Arbitral Procedure
A Procedural Discretion
B Serious Irregularity
4 The Four Musketeers of Arbitral Duty
A Introduction
B The Three Duties, Plus One
Accuracy, fairness and efficiency
An enforceable award
C Two Recent Cases: Caribbean Niquel and Stolt-Nielsen
Caribbean Niquel (overseas mining)
The right to comment on legal theories
Conflicting duties
Stolt-Nielsen
Excess of authority
D Enforceability Revisited
E Conclusion
B Substantive Norms
1 National Law and Commercial Justice
A The Limits of Transnational Norms
Local procedural safeguards
National support for the arbitral process
The counterpoise of rules and fairness
The nationality of awards
B National Interests and Neutrality of Forum
The arbitrator’s double bind
The “second look”
Lex mercatoria
Maintaining arbitral integrity
C The International Currency of Awards
The role of the arbitral seat
“Delocalization” from two perspectives
Grounds for review: The perspective of the arbitral seat
Effect of annulled awards: the perspective of the enforcement forum
D Trends in National Arbitration Law
E Conclusion
2 Neutrality, Predictability and Economic Cooperation
A Neutrality Revisited
Questioning impartiality
The internationalist perspective
B Homogeneous Communities and a Heterogeneous World
The counterpoise of rules and justice
Good faith and fairness
C Fidelity to Shared Expectations
3 Lex Mercatoria
A Three Concepts of Lex Mercatoria
An autonomous legal order
A comprehensive body of substantive rules
International trade usage
B ICC Awards as Precedents
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
Exceptions to pacta sunt servanda
Culpa in contrahendo (wrongful acts while entering into a contractual relationship)
C An Emerging Transnational Norm: The Example of Force Majeure
Impossibility or futility
Unforeseeability
Prompt notification
D Toward a Concept of Arbitral Justice
4 Rules and Standards in Private International Law
5 The Uses of Comparative Law in Arbitration
Comparative Law of International Arbitration by Jean-François and Sébastien Besson
6 Framing the Case on Quantum
C Procedural Norms
1 The Procedural Soft Law of International Arbitration
A The Challenge of Soft Law
B Soft Law and the Arbitral Process
What consumers want: balancing fairness and efficiency
“Judicialization”
Institutional rules
Divergent cultural baselines
Secondary markets for rules: illustrating the impact of soft law
Who gets the last word?
Ex Parte Measures
C Soft Law and the Imperial Arbitrator
2 Procedural Default Rules Revisited
A Professional Guidelines: The Soft Law of Arbitration
B Case Management and Procedural Delocalization
C Due Process, Rules and Flexibility
Part IV Selected Issues for Further Study
A Financial Transactions
1 Arbitration in Banking and Finance
A Introduction
B Enforcing Loan Agreements
Treaties
Lender liability
Claims by debtors
Claims by third parties
Exchange controls
Sovereign immunity
Interbank disputes
Court selection clauses
Arbitration clauses
C Securities
Broker misbehavior
Punitive damages
Time bars
D Selected Financial Transactions
Guarantees
Documentary credits
The context: trade finance and performance guarantees
A cautionary tale about courts and credits
Contemplating alternatives to court proceedings
Arbitration
Expertise
Distinguishing experts from arbitrators
Debt rescheduling and public sector lending
E Drafting the Arbitration Clause
General principles
F Uncertainties in Financial Arbitration
The International Monetary Fund agreement
Consumers, employees and informed consent
Multiparty and multicontract problems
Federal-state conflicts
G Conclusion
2 Mass Claims and Dormant Swiss Accounts
A Claims to Dormant Swiss Bank Accounts: Ambiguity in the Scope of Arbitration
What is a “non-Swiss” account?
The arbitration clause
B Intellectual Property
Betting the Family Jewels: Intellectual Property
A Diversity of Form and Unity of Essence
B Costs and Benefits
Flexibility
Merits appeal
C Loss of Face
C Taxation
Arbitrability and Tax
A Introduction
B The Matryoshka
Rules within rules
Three faces of tax arbitration
(1)
(2)
(3)
Business relationships
Income tax treaties
Investment disputes
C The Nature of Tax Measures
Tax as taking
The Silesian claims
D The Architecture of Investment Protection
Treaty hierarchies
The competent authority filter
E A Tale of Two Cases: Occidental and Encana
Occidental
The award
The English court action
Encana
The majority award
The dissent: expropriating investment returns
F Abusive Taxes
Treating like taxpayers in like manner
Analogies from non-fiscal contexts
G Conclusion: The Art of Taxation
D Investment Arbitration
1 The Challenge of Sovereignty
2 The New Face of Investment Arbitration
A Introduction
B The Contours of Investment Arbitration
Historical context
Double standards
C NAFTA Chapter 11
Safeguarding cross-border investment
The role of the arbitral situs
Current alternatives
Investor protection in practice
Minimum standards of treatment
Expropriation
D Arbitration and the New Host States
Three illustrations
Methanex
Loewen
Mondev
Reactions and complaints
Understandable concerns
Limiting the scope of investment arbitration
Compromises to reconcile competing goals
Expropriation through fiscal measures
Distinguishing abusive taxation
Impact of NAFTA concerns on tax treaty arbitration
Financial services
E Old Problems, New Perspectives
International commercial decision-making
Playing by the same rules
The Free Trade Commission Notes of Interpretation
F Conclusion
3 Legal Issues in the Third World’S Economic Development
A An Historical Perspective on International Economic Cooperation
B Trade, Foreign Assistance and Technology Transfer
C Host State Regulation and Expropriation of Foreign Private Investment
D International Economic Equity
E Conclusion
E Comparing Arbitration and Court Selection
1 The Hague Choice of Court Convention
2 Bridging the Gap in Forum Selection
A Introduction
B Treaties and Statutes
The framework for arbitration agreement
The non-framework for court selection clauses
No statutes
No treaties
C Why Court Selection Matters
The special needs of international business
D A Court Selection Statute
Thumbnail sketch
Exegesis
International disputes
Judicial discretion
Party residence
Requirement of a writing
Consumers, employees and informed consent
Subject matter
Exclusivity or non-exclusive jurisdiction
Mandatory norms
E Agenda for Future Discussion: Analogies from Arbitration
A tale of three cities
Lausanne: Vekoma v. Maran Coal
Boston: PaineWebber v. Elahi
Berlin: Implied arbitration clauses?
Separability
F Conclusion
3 When and Why Arbitration Matters
A Introduction
B Litigation Alternatives
C Court Selection Clauses in the United States
No treaties
No statute
No conclusive effect
D Arbitration Basics
The good news
Complications
Consolidation
Arbitral jurisdiction
The consensual foundation
Federal-state conflicts
Expert or arbitrator?
Unilateral clauses
E Choice-of-Law Concerns
F Conclusion
Further Material
Index
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Table of Rules
From:
Arbitration of International Business Disputes: Studies in Law and Practice (2nd Edition)
William W. Park
Content type:
Book content
Product:
International Commercial Arbitration [ICMA]
Published in print:
20 September 2012
ISBN:
9780199657131
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[44.192.254.173]
44.192.254.173