8.01 Many Member States of the European Union provide some mechanism of collective redress, be it group actions, a joinder of similar claims; representative actions, where an institution such as a consumer protection organization acts on behalf of a group of individuals; or test case proceedings, where a lead case is decided with binding effect for parallel legal actions.1 These mechanisms can serve the enforcement of multiple individual claims, a public interest, or both. 8.02 Such collective redress framework is provided by the national rules of civil procedure....
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