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Contents
- Preliminary Material
- Main Text
- Part I Introduction
- 1 The Business of Carriage of Goods
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Cargoes
- 1.02 Introduction
- 1.03 Nature and size
- 1.04 Dry bulk cargoes
- 1.05 Illustration 1: grain
- 1.06 Illustration 2: iron ore
- 1.07 Minor bulk cargoes
- 1.08 Illustration 1: sugar
- 1.09 Illustration 2: metals and minerals
- 1.10 Liquid bulk cargoes
- 1.11 Illustration 1: oil
- 1.12 Illustration 2: LPG
- 1.13 Illustration 3: LNG
- 1.14 Break bulk cargoes
- 1.15 Containerized cargoes
- C Vessels
- D Markets
- E Parties
- F Contracts
- 1.41 Contracts of affreightment
- 1.42 Destination
- 1.43 Nature and size
- 1.44 Standard forms
- 1.45 Time charterparties
- 1.46 Time trip charterparties
- 1.47 Voyage charterparties
- 1.48 Consecutive voyage charterparties
- 1.49 Contracts of affreightment (COAs) or volume contracts
- 1.50 Slot charterparties
- 1.51 Demise (bareboat) charterparties
- 1 The Business of Carriage of Goods
- Part II Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Carriage
- 2 Shipping Documents Issued Before Shipment
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Liner Booking Notes
- C Tally Clerk’s Receipts
- D Mate’s Receipts
- 2.19 Introduction
- 2.20 Forms
- 2.21 Entitlement to bills of lading
- 2.22 Mate’s receipts and contract
- 2.23 Not a document of title at common law
- 2.24 Document of title under the Factors Act
- 2.25 Not within the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
- 2.26 Status as a receipt
- 2.27 No liability where shipper knows the truth
- 2.28 Liability in tort
- 2.29 Mate’s receipts and time charterparties
- 2.30 Clausing and delay
- 2.31 Mate’s receipts and voyage charterparties
- 2.32 Mate’s receipts and seller’s retention of property
- 3 Types of Bills of Lading
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Historical Background
- C Liner Bills of Lading
- D Straight Bills of Lading
- E Charterparty Bills of Lading
- F Freight Forwarders’ Bills of Lading
- G Through (Combined Transport) Bills of Lading
- H Multimodal Transport and Bills of Lading
- 3.25 Network or uniform liability
- 3.26 The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Uniform Rules (1975)
- 3.27 Background to the Multimodal Convention
- 3.28 UNCTAD
- 3.29 Diplomatic conference
- 3.30 Convention
- 3.31 Problems
- 3.32 Failure
- 3.33 The UNCTAD/ICC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents 1992
- 3.34 Application
- 3.35 Definitions
- 3.36 Evidentiary effect
- 3.37 Responsibilities of the MTO
- 3.38 The liability of the MTO
- 3.39 Sea carriage
- 3.40 Limitation of liability of the MTO
- 3.41 Remaining provisions
- 3.42 Assessment
- 4 Other Documents of Carriage
- 5 Issue and Transfer of Bills of Lading
- 6 The Bill of Lading as a Receipt for the Goods Shipped
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Statements on the Face of the Bill of Lading
- C Quantity or Weight
- 6.04 Evidential value
- 6.05 Defeating statements in the bill of lading
- 6.06 Estoppel and third parties
- 6.07 False statements: goods not shipped
- 6.08 Grant v Norway—limited
- 6.09 Survival of Grant v Norway?
- 6.10 First statutory response: 1855 Act
- 6.11 Second statutory response: Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
- 6.12 Contracting out of responsibility
- 6.13 Contracting out: ‘said to be’ or ‘weight and quantity unknown’
- 6.14 Contracting out: ‘said to contain’
- 6.15 Contracting out: ‘FCL/FCL’
- 6.16 Precise words
- D Condition
- E Leading Marks
- F Receipt and the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
- G Endorsements and Indemnities
- H The Master’s Role in Clausing the Bills of Lading
- 7 The Bill of Lading as Evidence of the Contract of Carriage
- 8 The Bill of Lading as a Document of Title
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Common Law Principles
- C Documents of Title under Statute
- D Transfer of Rights and Obligations in Bills of Lading
- E The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
- 8.16 Documents covered
- 8.17 ‘Contract of carriage’
- 8.18 Electronic documentation
- 8.19 Transfer of Rights
- 8.20 Contractual rights extinguished
- 8.21 Position of sea waybills and ship’s delivery orders
- 8.22 Holder with possession of the bill of lading
- 8.23 ‘A person with possession …’
- 8.24 ‘… identified in the bill … is the consignee’
- 8.25 ‘A person with possession … by indorsement’
- 8.26 ‘A person with possession … by virtue of which he would have become a holder …’
- 8.27 ‘Holder in good faith’
- 8.28 Obligations
- 8.29 Scope of the obligation
- 8.30 Liabilities of the original party
- 8.31 Recovery by those not suffering loss
- F Spent Bills of Lading
- 9 Third Parties and Bill of Lading Terms
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Contract
- C Implied Contracts
- D The Special Contract
- E Negligence
- F Bailment
- 9.22 The principle
- 9.23 Origins in Coggs v Bernard
- 9.24 Carriage as bailment
- 9.25 Attornment
- 9.26 Duties of the bailee
- 9.27 Sub-bailment
- 9.28 Bailment ‘on terms’: origins
- 9.29 Bailment on terms continued
- 9.30 The Pioneer Container
- 9.31 Bailment arguments and the 1992 Act
- 9.32 The future of bailment in shipping cases
- G Himalaya Clauses
- H The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
- 10 The Carriers’ Delivery Obligation
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Delivery to the Person Entitled
- C Delivery against Fraudulent Bills of Lading
- D Delivery and Exclusionary Terms
- E Delivery and Custom
- F Delivery and Straight Bills of Lading
- G Delivery: Sea Waybills
- H Delivery against Letters of Indemnity
- I Consequences of Failure to Take Delivery
- J Consequences of Misdelivery
- K Delivery under the Rotterdam Rules
- 10.34 Introduction
- 10.35 Acceptance of delivery by the consignee
- 10.36 Acknowledgement of receipt
- 10.37 Delivery against a negotiable transport document
- 10.38 Negotiable document not requiring surrender
- 10.39 Delivery and non-negotiable transport documents
- 10.40 Delivery and non-negotiable documents requiring surrender
- 10.41 Goods remaining undelivered
- 10.42 Carriers’ rights where goods undelivered
- 10.43 Liability of the carrier
- 11 Alterations of Delivery Obligations and Other Problems
- 12 Charterparties and their Relationship with Bills of Lading
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Background
- C Bills of Lading in the Hands of the Charterer
- D Who is the Carrier?
- E Incorporation of Charterparty Terms
- 12.16 Introduction
- 12.17 Conflicting terms
- 12.18 Problems of identification
- 12.19 Stage 1: effective words of incorporation
- 12.20 Stage 2: description
- 12.21 Stage 3: consistency
- 12.22 Bill of lading clauses: ‘… as per charter’
- 12.23 Bills of lading clauses: other variants
- 12.24 Arbitration clauses not incorporated
- 12.25 Arbitration clauses incorporated
- 12.26 Exclusive jurisdiction clauses
- F Bills of Lading Transferred to a Third Party
- 13 Paperless Trading
- 2 Shipping Documents Issued Before Shipment
- Part III International and Domestic Regulation
- 14 Domestic Legislation on Cargo Liability
- 15 The Rise of International Regulation
- 16 The Movement to the Hamburg Rules
- 17 Hybrid Carriage Regimes and the Movement to the Rotterdam Rules
- 18 The Legal Effect and Interpretation of the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B The Legal Effect of the Hague Rules
- C The Legal Effect of the Hague-Visby Rules
- 18.07 Introduction
- 18.08 Article X
- 18.09 Bills of lading and contracting states
- 18.10 Ports in contracting states
- 18.11 Incorporation by clause paramount
- 18.12 Coastal voyages
- 18.13 Force of law
- 18.14 The Hollandia
- 18.15 Mandatory law in later decisions
- 18.16 The MSC Amsterdam
- 18.17 Rules and non-mandatory law
- D Contractual Freedom
- E Interpretation of the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
- 19 The Scope and Application of the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B General Scope of Coverage
- C Operational Coverage
- D Period of Coverage
- E Carriers
- F Vessels
- G Documents
- H Charterparties and the Rules
- I Cargoes Excluded
- 19.25 Definition
- 19.26 Live animals
- 19.27 Deck cargoes and the common law
- 19.28 Deck cargo under the Rules
- 19.29 Liberty to carry on deck
- 19.30 ‘Unless the ships objects’
- 19.31 Deck cargo and charterparties
- 19.32 Effect of breach by the carrier
- 19.33 Deck cargo and exception clauses
- 19.34 Decision overruled
- 19.35 Shipper’s consent to on deck carriage
- J Shipment of Particular Goods
- K Additional Responsibilities
- L No Derogation from the Rules
- 19.40 Article III, rule 8
- 19.41 Significance
- 19.42 Time for adjudging voidness
- 19.43 ‘Any clause, covenant or agreement …’
- 19.44 Clauses nullified
- 19.45 Limitation provisions
- 19.46 Himalaya clauses
- 19.47 Periods and activities beyond the Rules
- 19.48 Time for suit
- 19.49 Jurisdiction clauses
- 19.50 Tonnage limitation
- 19.51 Other clauses not nullified
- M Paramount Clauses
- 20 The Scope and Application of the Rotterdam Rules
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Interpretation
- C General Scope of Application
- D Carriers and Other Parties
- E Period of Coverage
- F Transport Documents
- G Volume Contracts
- H Special Cargoes
- I Rights of Control
- 20.19 Background
- 20.20 Exercise of the right of control
- 20.21 Identity of the controlling party
- 20.22 Exception for non-negotiable transport documents
- 20.23 Exception for negotiable transport documents
- 20.24 Exception for negotiable electronic transport documents
- 20.25 Execution of instructions by the carrier
- 20.26 Deemed delivery
- 20.27 Variations to the contract of carriage
- 20.28 Additional information
- 20.29 Variation
- J Transfer of Rights
- K Validity of Terms
- L Final Provisions
- Part IV The Responsibilities of the Shipper
- 21 The Shipper’s Common Law Obligations
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Obligations at Common Law
- C Dangerous Cargoes
- 21.06 Introduction
- 21.07 Definitions in the Merchant Shipping Acts
- 21.08 Regulations
- 21.09 IMDG Code
- 21.10 Details required from the shipper
- 21.11 Standard forms: charterparties
- 21.12 Standard forms: bills of lading
- 21.13 Liability at common law
- 21.14 Formative principles
- 21.15 The leading case
- 21.16 Later cases
- 21.17 Modern authorities
- 21.18 Physically dangerous goods
- 21.19 Legally dangerous goods
- 21.20 Shipper or charterer not liable
- 21.21 Shipper or charterer liable where risks excessive
- 21.22 Effect of a breach
- D The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port
- 21.23 The fundamental obligation
- 21.24 Implied obligation in charterparties
- 21.25 Named or nominated ports or berths
- 21.26 Implied obligation in bills of lading
- 21.27 Express voyage charterparty clauses
- 21.28 Express time charterparty clauses
- 21.29 The nature of the promise
- 21.30 Reference to the particular ship
- 21.31 The period of time
- 21.32 Unsafety factors
- 21.33 Unsafety factors: political risks
- 21.34 Port security and piracy
- 21.35 Temporary obstacles and delays
- 21.36 Abnormal risks
- 21.37 Good navigation and competent seamanship
- 21.38 ‘always lie safely afloat’
- 21.39 Scope of the undertaking
- 21.40 Renomination on port becoming unsafe
- 21.41 Refusal of nomination
- 21.42 Waiver of refusal
- 21.43 Novus actus interveniens
- 21.44 Remedies
- 22 Freight
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B The Basic Obligation
- C Freight at Common Law
- D Calculation of Freight
- E Deductions from Freight
- F Advance Freight
- G Lump Sum Freight
- H Pro Rata Freight
- I Back Freight
- J Deadfreight
- K Payment of Freight
- 22.33 Party from whom freight due
- 22.34 ‘Freight prepaid’ bills of lading
- 22.35 ‘Freight prepaid’ and the Rotterdam Rules
- 22.36 Charterparty freight
- 22.37 Freight ‘as per charterparty’
- 22.38 Payment to whom: shipowner
- 22.39 Payment to whom: charterer
- 22.40 Payment to whom: the master
- 22.41 Payment to whom: ship purchaser
- 22.42 Payment to whom: mortgagee of a ship
- 22.43 Payment to whom: an assignee
- 23 Shipper’s Obligations and Immunities Under the Hague, Hague-Visby, And Rotterdam Rules
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Shipper’s Guarantee of Particulars
- C Notice of Loss or Damage
- D Shipment of Dangerous Cargoes
- 23.10 Introduction
- 23.11 Article IV, rule 6
- 23.12 No definition of ‘dangerous’
- 23.13 Scope of the provision
- 23.14 ‘Dangerous’
- 23.15 Article IV, rule 6 and the carriers’ due diligence
- 23.16 Apportionment
- 23.17 Article IV, rule 6 and its relationship with article IV, rule 3
- 23.18 Article IV, rule 6 and the common law
- 23.19 Article IV, rule 6 and the Bills of Lading Act 1855
- E Obligations under the Rotterdam Rules
- 23.20 Shippers under the Rules
- 23.21 Delivery for carriage
- 23.22 Provision of information
- 23.23 Co-operation with the carrier
- 23.24 Provision of information: contract particulars
- 23.25 Liability to the carrier
- 23.26 Shipper’s liability for other persons
- 23.27 Dangerous goods
- 23.28 Goods becoming a danger
- 23.29 Sacrifice of goods
- 21 The Shipper’s Common Law Obligations
- Part V The Obligations of the Carrier
- 24 Seaworthiness
- 25 Deviation
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Meaning
- C Justifiable Deviations
- D Liberty Clauses
- E Effect of Unjustifiable Deviation
- 25.16 Damages
- 25.17 Other consequences
- 25.18 Displacement of the contract
- 25.19 Wider consequences
- 25.20 Further consequences
- 25.21 Discharge by breach
- 25.22 The effects of waiver
- 25.23 Analysis
- 25.24 ‘Fundamental’ breach reasoning
- 25.25 A special rule for deviation?
- 25.26 Quasi deviations
- 25.27 The current law
- 25.28 Conclusions
- 25.29 Other causes of action
- 26 Reasonable Despatch
- 27 The Carrier’s Obligations Under the Hague, Hague-Visby, and Rotterdam Rules
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Issue of Bills of Lading
- 27.02 Introduction
- 27.03 Article III, rule 3
- 27.04 ‘Demand’
- 27.05 ‘Showing among other things …’
- 27.06 Leading marks
- 27.07 ‘Number … quantity … weight’
- 27.08 ‘Apparent order and condition’
- 27.09 Reservations
- 27.10 ‘Said to weigh’
- 27.11 Reservations and article III, rule 8
- 27.12 Evidentiary value
- 27.13 Qualified statements
- 27.14 Issue of a shipped bill of lading
- C Seaworthiness
- 27.15 Background
- 27.16 Common law undertaking not applicable
- 27.17 Article III, rule 1
- 27.18 Extent of the seaworthiness obligation
- 27.19 Duration of the obligation
- 27.20 Meaning of ‘due diligence’
- 27.21 Obligation non-delegable
- 27.22 Reform?
- 27.23 Carrier responsible only when he controls the vessel
- 27.24 No responsibility for others
- 27.25 Latent defects
- 27.26 Later defects
- 27.27 Proof of unseaworthiness
- 27.28 Prima facie case
- 27.29 Carrier’s response
- 27.30 Displacement of the carrier’s defence
- 27.31 Carrier’s further defence
- 27.32 Overriding effect of article III, rule 1
- D Due Care
- E Deviation
- F Rotterdam Rules
- 27.47 Background
- 27.48 The duty to issue a transport document
- 27.49 Contract particulars: background
- 27.50 Contract particulars: traditional requirements
- 27.51 Qualifying information
- 27.52 Contract particulars: apparent order and condition
- 27.53 Contract particulars: further information
- 27.54 Contract particulars: ancillary information
- 27.55 Signature
- 27.56 Deficiencies in the contract particulars
- 27.57 Evidentiary effect
- 27.58 The duty to carry and deliver
- 27.59 ‘… Properly and carefully …’
- 27.60 FIOS etc
- 27.61 Seaworthiness
- 27.62 Liability for loss
- 27.63 Proof of loss
- 27.64 Vicarious liability
- 27.65 Liability of maritime performing parties
- 27.66 Joint and several liability
- 27.67 Deviation
- Part VI The Rights and Immunities of the Carrier
- 28 Liens
- 29 Exclusion of Liability Under the Hague, Hague-Visby, and Rotterdam Rules
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Exemptions under the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
- 29.02 Background to the Hague and Hague-Visby exceptions
- 29.03 Article IV, rule 2
- 29.04 ‘Carrier’
- 29.05 ‘Ship’
- 29.06 ‘Loss or damage’
- 29.07 ‘Act, neglect, or default … in the navigation or in the management of the ship’
- 29.08 Persons covered
- 29.09 ‘Navigation … of the ship’
- 29.10 ‘… Management of the ship’
- 29.11 Negligent stowage
- 29.12 Safety of the vessel
- 29.13 ‘Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier’
- 29.14 Fire and due diligence
- 29.15 Onus
- 29.16 Merchant Shipping Act
- 29.17 Differences
- 29.18 ‘Perils, dangers, and accidents of the sea’
- 29.19 Common law authorities
- 29.20 Cases arising under the Rules
- 29.21 Differences of approach
- 29.22 ‘Act of God’
- 29.23 Damage must be unforeseen
- 29.24 ‘Act of war’
- 29.25 ‘Act of public enemies’
- 29.26 ‘Arrest or restraint of princes …’
- 29.27 Imminent threat
- 29.28 Timing
- 29.29 Knowledge of risk
- 29.30 Risks unknown
- 29.31 ‘Quarantine restrictions’
- 29.32 ‘Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods …’
- 29.33 ‘Strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour …’
- 29.34 No limits on persons
- 29.35 ‘Riots and civil commotions’
- 29.36 Civil commotions
- 29.37 ‘Saving or attempting to save life at sea’
- 29.38 ‘Wastage in bulk or weight … from inherent defect, quality or vice …’
- 29.39 ‘Insufficiency of packing’
- 29.40 ‘Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks’
- 29.41 ‘Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence’
- 29.42 Meaning of ‘latent’
- 29.43 Difficulty of proof
- 29.44 Overlap with the duty to exercise due diligence
- 29.45 ‘Any other cause …’
- 29.46 Pilferage and theft
- C Exemptions under the Rotterdam Rules
- D Servants and Agents
- 30 Limitation of Liability
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Background to Limitation
- C Package Limitation: the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
- 30.06 Introduction
- 30.07 The provision
- 30.08 Limitation amounts
- 30.09 Gold Clause Agreement
- 30.10 CMI Stockholm Conference 1963
- 30.11 Limitation amounts: Poincaré francs
- 30.12 Limitation amounts: SDRs
- 30.13 Declaration of value
- 30.14 Higher but not lower limits
- 30.15 Misstatements by the shipper
- 30.16 ‘… neither the carrier nor the ship …’
- 30.17 ‘Package’: generally
- 30.18 ‘Package’: containers under Hague
- 30.19 Package: Containers under Visby
- 30.20 ‘Unit’
- 30.21 ‘Units’ and containers
- 30.22 Effect of a reservation in the bill of lading
- 30.23 Weight limitation
- 30.24 The amount recoverable
- 30.25 Breaches of the Rules: earlier authorities
- 30.26 Breaches: clause repugnant
- 30.27 The modern authorities
- 30.28 Misconduct
- D Package Limitation: the Rotterdam Rules
- E Global Limitation
- F Earlier International Conventions
- G The International Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 (LLMC)
- 30.46 Background
- 30.47 Implementation in the UK
- 30.48 Persons entitled to limit
- 30.49 Owners
- 30.50 Salvors
- 30.51 Charterers
- 30.52 Claims between owners and charterers
- 30.53 Claims: loss of life, personal injury, or loss or damage to property
- 30.54 Other claims
- 30.55 Claims: not limited to damages or contract
- 30.56 Cargo claims
- 30.57 Claims excluded
- 30.58 Salvage and general average
- 30.59 Oil pollution claims
- 30.60 Crew members
- 30.61 Conduct barring the right to limit
- 30.62 The limits of liability
- 30.63 Limitation without constitution of a limitation fund
- 30.64 Constitution of the fund
- 30.65 Distribution of the fund
- 30.66 Bars to other actions
- 30.67 Governing law
- H The 1996 Protocol to the Convention (LLMC)
- I Conflicts between Jurisdictions
- Part VII Charterparties
- 31 Voyage Charterparties
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B The Gencon 1994 Charterparty
- C The Asbatankvoy Charterparty
- D Performance Clauses
- E The Preliminary Voyage
- 31.10 Nomination of the port of loading
- 31.11 Charterer’s nomination
- 31.12 Geographical rotation
- 31.13 Entitlement to change the nomination
- 31.14 The voyage to the loading port
- 31.15 Expected ready
- Substantial errors
- 31.18 Breach of contract
- 31.19 The ‘near clause’
- 31.20 Duration
- 31.21 Permanent obstacles
- 31.22 Ambit test
- 31.23 ‘Always afloat’
- F The Loading Operation
- G The Carrying Voyage
- H The Discharging Operation
- 32 Laytime and Demurrage
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Commencement of Laytime
- C The Arrived Ship
- D Charterparty Provisions Shifting the Risk of Delay
- 32.11 Introduction
- 32.12 Clauses designed for specific ports
- 32.13 Berth ‘reachable on arrival’
- 32.14 ‘Arrival’
- 32.15 Physical obstruction and congestion
- 32.16 Congestion alone
- 32.17 Bad weather
- 32.18 Double recovery
- 32.19 ‘Time lost waiting for a berth to count as laytime’
- 32.20 Purpose
- 32.21 ‘Time to count whether in berth or not’ (WIBON)
- E Readiness to Load or Discharge
- 32.22 Introduction
- 32.23 Form of the notice
- 32.24 Place of notice
- 32.25 Time of notice
- 32.26 Waiver
- 32.27 Waiver accepted
- 32.28 Waiver again
- 32.29 Notice summarized
- 32.30 Actual readiness to load
- 32.31 Physical position
- 32.32 Overstowed cargo
- 32.33 Cargoworthiness
- 32.34 Readiness of cargo loading gear
- 32.35 Legal readiness
- 32.36 Free pratique and notice of readiness
- F Calculation of Laytime
- G Suspension of Laytime
- H Demurrage
- I Damages for Detention
- J Despatch Money
- 33 Time Charterparties
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B The NYPE 93 Charterparty
- C The Shelltime 4 Charterparty
- D Description of the Vessel
- 33.07 Importance
- 33.08 Name
- 33.09 Nationality
- 33.10 Class on the register
- 33.11 Speed and fuel consumption
- 33.12 ‘In good weather conditions’
- 33.13 Legal effect
- 33.14 Continuing obligation
- 33.15 Better performance
- 33.16 Burden of proof
- 33.17 Cargo capacity
- 33.18 Nature of the obligation
- 33.19 Carrying capacity
- 33.20 Accuracy
- 33.21 Effect of breach
- E Delivery
- F Period of Hire
- 33.33 Introduction
- 33.34 Standard duration clauses
- 33.35 The period elaborated
- 33.36 Clauses for a simple period and ‘about’
- 33.37 No margin or allowance
- 33.38 Minimum and maximum period
- 33.39 ‘More or less’
- 33.40 ‘Without guarantee’
- 33.41 Option to renew
- 33.42 The final terminal date
- 33.43 Final voyage orders: ‘legitimate orders’
- 33.44 Final voyage orders: ‘illegitimate orders’
- 33.45 Consequences of early redelivery: underlap
- 33.46 Damages: the principles
- 33.47 Premature repudiation: reliance losses
- 33.48 Mitigation of loss
- 33.49 Consequences of late redelivery: overlap
- 33.50 Approach confirmed
- 33.51 Damages: The Achilleas
- 33.52 Analysis
- 33.53 Penalty clauses
- G Payment for Hire
- H The Off-Hire Clause
- 33.60 Background
- 33.61 Burden on the charterer
- 33.62 Other (similar) causes
- 33.63 Seizure or detention
- 33.64 Security detention
- 33.65 Independent of breach
- 33.66 Period vessel off-hire
- 33.67 Period off-hire and cancellation
- 33.68 Types of clause
- 33.69 Period clauses
- 33.70 Net loss
- 33.71 Effect of the operation of the off-hire clause
- I Deductions from Hire
- J Right to Withdraw for Non-Payment of Hire
- 33.74 Background
- 33.75 Anti-technicality clauses
- 33.76 Interpretation of anti-technicality clauses
- 33.77 Notice under the anti-technicality clause
- 33.78 Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal
- 33.79 Timing of hire payments
- 33.80 Waiver of right to withdraw
- 33.81 Acceptance of part of the hire due
- 33.82 Grace periods
- 33.83 Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal
- 33.84 Previous late payments
- 33.85 Equitable relief
- 33.86 Effect of exercise of right to withdraw
- K Employment and Agency Clause
- 33.87 Background
- 33.88 Employment of the ship
- 33.89 Master’s reasonable duty
- 33.90 Master’s duty and potential peril
- 33.91 Voyage orders
- 33.92 The indemnity principle
- 33.93 Extent of the indemnity
- 33.94 Implied indemnities
- 33.95 Types of claims indemnified
- 33.96 Direct consequences
- 33.97 Vicarious liability
- 33.98 Agency
- 33.99 Issuing and signing bills of lading
- 33.100 Inconsistencies
- 33.101 Indemnity where clean bills of lading signed
- L Liability for Loss or Damage to Cargo
- M The Inter-Club Agreement
- 33.106 Background
- 33.107 Origins
- 33.108 The scheme of the Agreement
- 33.109 Claims under the Agreement
- 33.110 Applicability
- 33.111 Apportionment
- 33.112 Legal character
- 33.113 Time bars and the relationship with the Hague Rules
- 33.114 Seaworthiness and the Agreement
- 33.115 Documents and the Agreement
- 33.116 Legal costs and the Agreement
- 33.117 Short delivery claims
- 33.118 Condensation damage
- 33.119 Differences between versions
- 33.120 Properly settled claims
- 33.121 Time bars
- N Redelivery of the Vessel
- 31 Voyage Charterparties
- Part VIII Cargo Claims
- 34 Frustration
- 35 Limitation Periods
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Domestic Law Provisions
- C Under the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
- 35.03 Introduction
- 35.04 Article III, rule 6 of the Hague Rules
- 35.05 ‘Subject to paragraph 6 bis’
- 35.06 ‘Discharged from all liability’
- 35.07 Carrier’s fault as a defence
- 35.08 ‘In any event … whatsoever’
- 35.09 ‘In respect of [loss or damage][the goods]’
- 35.10 ‘Unless suit is brought’: the narrower view
- 35.11 Wider view
- 35.12 Suit and a competent court
- 35.13 Suit and arbitration proceedings
- 35.14 Suit and actions in rem
- 35.15 Title to sue
- 35.16 ‘Within one year …’
- 35.17 ‘Delivery or … date when they should have been delivered’
- 35.18 Delivery of the agreed quantity
- 35.19 No delivery
- 35.20 Wrongful delivery
- 35.21 Extension
- 35.22 Article III, rule 6 bis
- D Rotterdam Rules
- Part I Introduction
- Further Material
- [No Title]
- Appendix 1 Statutes and Conventions
- Bills Of Lading Act 1855 18 and 19 Vict, c 111
- Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 (c 50)
- Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (c 19)
- 1 Application of Hague Rules as amended
- 1A Conversion of special drawing rights into sterling
- 2 Contracting States, etc
- 3 Absolute warranty of seaworthiness not to be implied in contracts to which Rules apply
- 4 Application of Act to British possessions, etc
- 5 Extension of application of Rules to carriage from ports in British possessions, etc
- 6 Supplemental
- Sch.(S 1) The Hague Rules as Amended by the Brussels Protocol 1968
- United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea
- Ch.1 General provisions
- Ch.2 Scope of application
- Ch.3 Electronic transport records
- Ch.4 Obligations of the carrier
- Ch.5 Liability of the carrier for loss, damage or delay
- Ch.6 Additional provisions relating to particular stages of carriage
- Ch.7 Obligations of the shipper to the carrier
- Art.27 Delivery for carriage
- Art.28 Cooperation of the shipper and the carrier in providing information and instructions
- Art.29 Shipper’s obligation to provide information, instructions and documents
- Art.30 Basis of shipper’s liability to the carrier
- Art.31 Information for compilation of contract particulars
- Art.32 Special rules on dangerous goods
- Art.33 Assumption of shipper’s rights and obligations by the documentary shipper
- Art.34 Liability of the shipper for other persons
- Ch.8 Transport documents and electronic transport records
- Art.35 Issuance of the transport document or the electronic transport record
- Art.36 Contract particulars
- Art.37 Identity of the carrier
- Art.38 Signature
- Art.39 Deficiencies in the contract particulars
- Art.40 Qualifying the information relating to the goods in the contract particulars
- Art.41 Evidentiary effect of the contract particulars
- Art.42 “Freight prepaid”
- Ch.9 Delivery of the goods
- Art.43 Obligation to accept delivery
- Art.44 Obligation to acknowledge receipt
- Art.45 Delivery when no negotiable transport document or negotiable electronic transport record is issued
- Art.46 Delivery when a non-negotiable transport document that requires surrender is issued
- Art.47 Delivery when a negotiable transport document or negotiable electronic transport record is issued
- Art.48 Goods remaining undelivered
- Art.49 Retention of goods
- Ch.10 Rights of the controlling party
- Art.50 Exercise and extent of right of control
- Art.51 Identity of the controlling party and transfer of the right of control
- Art.52 Carrier’s execution of instructions
- Art.53 Deemed delivery
- Art.54 Variations to the contract of carriage
- Art.55 Providing additional information, instructions or documents to carrier
- Art.56 Variation by agreement
- Ch.11 Transfer of rights
- Ch.12 Limits of liability
- Ch.13 Time for suit
- Ch.14 Jurisdiction
- Art.66 Actions against the carrier
- Art.67 Choice of court agreements
- Art.68 Actions against the maritime performing party
- Art.69 No additional bases of jurisdiction
- Art.70 Arrest and provisional or protective measures
- Art.71 Consolidation and removal of actions
- Art.72 Agreement after a dispute has arisen and jurisdiction when the defendant has entered an appearance
- Art.73 Recognition and enforcement
- Art.74 Application of chapter 14
- Ch.15 Arbitration
- Ch.16 Validity of contractual terms
- Ch.17 Matters not governed by this Convention
- Ch.18 Final clauses
- Art.87 Depositary
- Art.88 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession
- Art.89 Denunciation of other conventions
- Art.90 Reservations
- Art.91 Procedure and effect of declarations
- Art.92 Effect in domestic territorial units
- Art.93 Participation by regional economic integration organizations
- Art.94 Entry into force
- Art.95 Revision and amendment
- Art.96 Denunciation of this Convention
- Appendix 2 Standard Forms
- BIMCO Liner Bill of Lading
- 1 Definition.
- 2 Notification.
- 3 Liability for Carriage Between Port of Loading and Port of Discharge.
- 4 Law and Jurisdiction.
- 5 The Scope of Carriage.
- 6 Substitution of Vessel.
- 7 Transhipment.
- 8 Liability for Pre- and On-Carriage.
- 9 Loading and Discharging.
- 10 Freight, Charges, Costs, Expenses, Duties, Taxes and Fines.
- 11 Lien.
- 12 General Average and Salvage.
- 13 Both-to-Blame Collision Clause.
- 14 Government directions, War, Epidemics, Ice, Strikes,
- 15 Defences and Limits of Liability for the Carrier, Servants and Agents.
- 16 Stowage.
- 17 Shipper-Packed Containers, trailers, transportable tanks, flats and pallets.
- 18 Return of Containers.
- Additional Clause
- Congenbill 2007
- Tanker Voyage Charter Party
- Preamble
- Part I
- Part II
- 1 Warranty-Voyage-Cargo.
- 2 Freight.
- 3 Deadfreight.
- 4 Naming Loading and Discharge Ports.
- 5 Laydays.
- 6 Notice of Readiness.
- 7 Hours for Loading and Discharging.
- 8 Demurrage.
- 9 Safe Berthing-Shifting.
- 10 Pumping In and Out.
- 11 Hoses: Mooring at Sea Terminals.
- 12 Dues-Taxes-Wharfage.
- 13 .
- 14 .
- 16 General Cargo.
- 17 .
- 18 Cleaning.
- 19 General Exceptions Clause.
- 20 Issuance and Terms of Bills of Lading
- 21 Lien.
- 22 Agents.
- 23 Breach.
- 24 Arbitration.
- 25 Sublet.
- 26 Oil Pollution Clause.
- Bill of Lading
- Inter-Club New York Produce Exchange Agreement (1996)
- Shelltime 4 Additional Clauses
- BIMCO Liner Bill of Lading
- Appendix 3 Signatories to Conventions
- International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading [Hague Rules] Brussels, 25 August 1924
- Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading [Visby Protocol] Brussels, 23 February 1968
- Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading as modified by the Amending Protocol [SDR Protocol] Brussels, 21 December 1979
- United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea [Hamburg Rules] Hamburg, 31 March 1978
- United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea [Rotterdam Rules] Rotterdam, 23 September 2009
- Index
