32.01 It is a general principle of sales law that the seller is liable to the buyer when delivering goods which are not free from rights of third parties.1 In many domestic legal systems it is even impossible to abrogate this obligation by party agreement; at least in situations where the seller has fraudulently concealed the third party right.2 In other systems there exist special requirements for disclaiming any warranty of title.3 The seller may only escape liability where the buyer is aware of the encumbrance with third party rights.4 The required degree of...
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