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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Contents
Table of Cases
United Kingdom
Australia
Barbados
Belize
British Guiana
Burma
Canada
Eastern Africa
Egypt
Federated Malay States
Fiji
Hong Kong
India
Ireland Republic Of
Jamaica
Malaysia
Nigeria
New Zealand
Singapore
Trinidad and Tobago
United States of America
West Indies
Table of Legislation
United Kingdom
India
Malaysia
New Zealand
United States of America
International Instruments
List of Abbreviations
General
Journals
Main Text
Part I Introduction
1 The Nature of Termination
Preliminary Material
1.01
A Defining the Question
1.02
1.03
1.04
B Termination as a Process and a Remedy
1.05
C Problems of Terminology
1.06
(1) The name of the process
1.07
(2) Performance and breach
1.08
(3) Conditions, warranties, and innominate terms
1.09
1.10
(4) Fundamental breach
1.11
(5) Repudiation and renunciation
1.12
D Common Law and Equity
1.13
(1) Time stipulations in equity
1.14
1.15
1.16
(2) The notice procedure
1.17
1.18
1.19
(3) Relief against forfeiture
1.20
1.21
E Discharge and Damages
1.22
1.23
1.24
F Withholding Performance and Termination
1.25
1.26
G Termination, Frustration, and Excused Non-Performance
1.27
1.28
H The Problem of Options
1.29
1.30
I Liquidated Damages, Penalties, Options, and Deposits
1.31
1.32
1.33
J Damages and the Action for the Price
1.34
K Conditions and Contractual Rights of Termination
1.35
L Bringing the Contract to an End
1.36
M The Way Forward
1.37
1.38
2 The Genesis of Termination
Preliminary Material
2.01
A Two Key Concepts
2.02
B Conditions and Warranties
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
C Frustration and Frustrating Breach
2.15
(1) Destruction of the subject matter
2.16
(2) Impossibility of performance
2.17
(3) Frustration of purpose
2.18
2.19
(4) The Great War cases
2.20
(5) The Second World War cases
2.21
(6) Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council
2.22
2.23
2.24
(7) The Hongkong Fir
2.25
2.26
2.27
(8) Later developments
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
D The Current Analysis in English Law
2.37
(1) Failure of condition
2.38
2.39
(2) Failure of consideration
2.40
2.41
Part II Breach and Termination
3 Breach of Contract
Preliminary Material
3.01
A The Significance of Breach
3.02
B The Elements of Breach
3.03
(1) A contractual obligation
3.04
(a) Express terms
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
(b) Implied terms
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
(2) Failure to perform
3.15
(a) Time of performance
3.16
(b) Place of performance
3.17
(c) Standard of performance
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
(d) Order of performance
3.22
3.23
(e) Tender of performance
3.24
(3) No lawful excuse
3.25
(a) Excuses and exemptions in the contract
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
(b) Consent by promisee
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
(c) Conduct of promisee
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
(d) Supervening events
3.40
C The Consequences of Breach
3.41
4 The Process of Termination
Preliminary Material
4.01
A What is Termination?
4.02
B Terminology
4.03
C Termination as a Process and a Remedy
4.04
D Termination in Whole or in Part
4.05
E Concepts Akin to Termination
4.06
(1) Termination and rescission ab initio
4.07
(2) Termination and the withholding of performance
4.08
(3) Termination and frustration
4.09
(4) Termination and excused non-performance
4.10
(5) Termination and discharge of unilateral obligation
4.11
(6) Termination and discharge by agreement
4.12
F The Requirement of Election
4.13
(1) Contracts of employment
4.14
(2) Insurance contracts
4.15
(3) Leases
4.16
(4) Partnerships
4.17
(5) Mediterranean Shipping Co SA v Cottonex Anstalt
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
(6) Other cases
4.22
G What Amounts to Election?
4.23
(1) Termination by words or conduct
4.24
(2) Election must be unambiguous
4.25
(3) The question of communication
4.26
H The Time of Election
4.27
(1) A reasonable time for termination?
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
(2) When does termination take effect?
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
I A Third Option?
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
J Termination for the Wrong Reason
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
K Restrictions on Termination
4.47
(1) Contractual restrictions
4.48
(a) Rules of construction
4.49
4.50
(b) Statutory controls
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
(2) Statutory restrictions
4.55
4.56
4.57
L Loss of Right to Terminate
4.58
(1) Waiver
4.59
(a) Waiver by election
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
(b) Equitable estoppel
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
(c) Relationship between the two doctrines
4.73
(2) ‘Acceptance’ of goods
4.74
(a) Elements of acceptance
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
(b) Relationship of acceptance to other doctrines
4.79
(3) Judicial relief
4.80
(a) Statutory relief
4.81
(b) Equitable relief against forfeiture
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
Part III The right To Terminate
5 Breach of Condition
Preliminary Material
5.01
A What is a ‘Condition’?
5.02
5.03
(1) A conditional promise
5.04
(2) The condition as an obligation
5.05
(3) The condition as an essential obligation
5.06
(4) Breach of condition and repudiation
5.07
B Concepts Akin to Conditions
5.08
(1) Conditions precedent to the existence of a contract
5.09
(2) Conditions precedent in unilateral contracts
5.10
(3) Conditions subsequent
5.11
(4) Express rights of termination
5.12
5.13
C Identifying a Condition
5.14
(1) Condition by express stipulation
5.15
(a) Use of the word ‘condition’
5.16
(b) Giving a right of termination
5.17
5.18
5.19
(c) Stating the importance of the term
5.20
(2) Condition by implication
5.21
(a) Condition implied in fact
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
(b) Condition implied by law
5.35
5.36
5.37
D Time Stipulations
5.38
(1) Time stipulations at common law and in equity
5.39
(2) The common law position
5.40
(3) The position in equity
5.41
5.42
(4) The Judicature Acts
5.43
5.44
5.45
(5) A unified approach?
5.46
5.47
(6) The modern law
5.48
(a) Time of the essence in the commercial context
5.49
(b) Time of the essence and express rights of termination
5.50
(c) Time of the essence and specific performance
5.51
(d) Time of the essence and relief against forfeiture
5.52
6 Fundamental Breach
Preliminary Material
6.01
6.02
A The Hongkong Fir
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
B The Scope of the Principle
6.09
(1) Fundamental breach and the classification of contract terms
6.10
(a) Fundamental breach and conditions
6.11
(b) Fundamental breach and warranties
6.12
6.13
(c) Fundamental breach and intermediate terms
6.14
(2) Past and future events
6.15
C Terminology
6.16
D Types of Fundamental Breach
6.17
E Concepts Akin to Fundamental Breach
6.18
(1) Breach of condition
6.19
(2) Repudiation
6.20
(3) Doctrine of frustration
6.21
(4) Doctrine of substantial performance
6.22
(5) Notice making time of the essence
6.23
F When is a Breach Fundamental?
6.24
(1) Performance totally worthless
6.25
(2) Degree of failure in performance
6.26
(3) Adequacy of damages
6.27
(4) Motives of innocent party
6.28
6.29
(5) Motives of party in breach
6.30
(6) Uncertainty as to future performance
6.31
7 Repudiation and Anticipatory Breach
Preliminary Material
7.01
A Terminology
7.02
7.03
7.04
B Concepts Akin to Repudiation
7.05
(1) Breach of condition
7.06
(2) Fundamental breach generally
7.07
(3) Frustration
7.08
(4) Notice making time of the essence
7.09
C Modes of Repudiation
7.10
D What Amounts to Repudiation?
7.11
(1) Degree of prospective failure
7.12
(a) Attaching conditions
7.13
7.14
(b) Prospective breach of condition
7.15
(c) Repudiation and fundamental breach
7.16
(2) Risk of future breaches
7.17
(a) More than one breach
7.18
(b) Early breach
7.19
(c) Degree of likelihood
7.20
(3) Attitude of defaulting party
7.21
(a) Deliberate breaches
7.22
(b) Good faith of party in default
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
E Anticipatory Breach
7.27
7.28
7.29
(1) Justification for the doctrine
7.30
(2) Theoretical basis of the doctrine
7.31
(3) Modes of anticipatory breach
7.32
(a) Anticipatory breach by renunciation
7.33
(b) Anticipatory breach by prospective impossibility
7.34
7.35
(4) Effect of anticipatory breach
7.36
(5) Executed contracts
7.37
(a) Performance by the innocent party
7.38
(b) Performance by party in default
7.39
F Notices Making Time of the Essence
7.40
(1) The notice procedure
7.41
(a) Requirements for issue of notice
7.42
(b) The relevant obligation
7.43
(c) Content of notice
7.44
(d) Effect of notice
7.45
(2) Relationship with repudiation
7.46
8 Express Rights of Termination
Preliminary Material
8.01
A Express Rights of Termination and Conditions
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
B Exercise of the Right
8.06
(1) Time of exercise
8.07
(2) Grounds for exercise
8.08
8.09
(3) Mode of exercise
8.10
8.11
8.12
(4) Nature of breach
8.13
(a) General right of termination for breach
8.14
(b) Right of termination for ‘material’ breach
8.15
(c) Opportunity to remedy breach
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
C Multiple Termination Rights
8.20
8.21
(1) Exclusive and inclusive rights
8.22
(2) Same promisor or different promisors
8.23
(3) Rights of termination in series or in parallel
8.24
(4) Same event or different events
8.25
(5) Modes of exercise
8.26
(6) Consequences of exercise
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
Part IV Termination and Affirmation
9 Discharge of Primary Obligations
Preliminary Material
9.01
A Lord Diplock’s Analysis
9.02
9.03
9.04
B Primary Obligations in General
9.05
(1) Discharge of innocent party
9.06
(2) Discharge of party in default
9.07
C Accrued Obligations
9.08
(1) Time for performance irrelevant
9.09
(2) Right to performance earned
9.10
(a) Periodical payments for services rendered
9.11
(b) Other severable contracts
9.12
(c) Instalments of purchase price
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
(d) Deposits
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
D Ancillary Terms
9.21
(1) Dispute resolution clauses
9.22
9.23
9.24
(2) Exemption clauses
9.25
(a) Deviation
9.26
9.27
9.28
(b) Doctrine of ‘fundamental breach’
9.29
9.30
9.31
(c) A matter of construction
9.32
(d) The effect of termination
9.33
(e) The current position
9.34
9.35
9.36
(3) Other provisions
9.37
10 Damages on Termination
Preliminary Material
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
A Loss of Bargain Damages
10.05
10.06
(1) Availability
10.07
(a) Unliquidated damages: the ‘bifurcated’ principle
10.08
10.09
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
(b) Liquidated damages
10.19
10.20
(2) Basis of assessment
10.21
(a) Causation
10.22
10.23
(b) Remoteness
10.24
10.25
(c) Available market
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
(d) Mitigation
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.34
(e) The date of assessment
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.38
10.39
10.40
10.41
B Other Cases
10.42
(1) Reliance loss
10.43
(2) Non-pecuniary losses
10.44
11 Restitutionary Relief
Preliminary Material
11.01
11.02
A Claimant Recovery
11.03
11.04
(1) Money benefits—total failure of consideration
11.05
(a) Meaning of ‘consideration’
11.06
(b) Failure of consideration must be total
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
11.12
(c) Making sense of total failure of consideration
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
(2) Non-money benefits
11.18
11.19
(a) Enrichment
11.20
11.21
(b) Whether enrichment is measured by benefit to defendant or contract value
11.22
11.23
11.24
11.25
11.26
(3) Breach of fiduciary duty
11.27
11.28
11.29
11.30
11.31
(4) Interference with property right
11.32
(5) Exceptional gain-based recovery
11.33
(a) Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v Parkside Homes Ltd
11.34
(b) Surrey County Council v Bredero Homes Ltd
11.35
(c) Attorney General v Blake
11.36
11.37
11.38
(d) Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc
11.39
(e) Three subsequent decisions
11.40
(f) WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature v World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Inc
11.41
(g) One-Step (Support) Ltd v Morris-Garner
11.42
11.43
B Defendant Recovery
11.44
(1) Money benefits
11.45
11.46
11.47
11.48
11.49
11.50
(2) Non-money benefits
11.51
(a) Sumpter v Hedges
11.52
(b) Substantial performance
11.53
(c) Support for restitutionary right
11.54
11.55
(d) Specific exceptions
11.56
11.57
(e) Should there be a restitutionary claim?
11.58
12 The Consequences of Affirmation
Preliminary Material
12.01
A Continuation of Innocent Party’s Primary Obligations
12.02
12.03
12.04
B Damages for Past Breach by the Other Party
12.05
C Action for an Agreed Sum
12.06
(1) What is an action for an agreed sum?
12.07
(2) Why bring an action for an agreed sum?
12.08
12.09
(3) When is an action for an agreed sum available?
12.10
12.11
(4) The White and Carter principle
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
(a) The defendant’s cooperation
12.19
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
(b) Legitimate interest
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
12.36
D Specific Performance
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
(1) Contracts for personal services
12.41
12.42
(2) Inadequacy of damages
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
(3) Constant supervision
12.47
12.48
12.49
12.50
(4) Impossibility and futility
12.51
12.52
12.53
12.54
(5) Hardship
12.55
(6) Mutuality
12.56
(7) Conduct of claimant
12.57
12.58
12.59
(8) Damages and specific performance
12.60
12.61
12.62
12.63
E Revival of the Right to Terminate
12.64
12.65
12.66
12.67
12.68
Further Material
Index
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Table of Cases
From:
Termination for Breach of Contract (2nd Edition)
John E Stannard, David Capper
Content type:
Book content
Product:
International Commercial Law [ICML]
Published in print:
12 November 2020
ISBN:
9780198852292
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35.172.111.47