- Save
- Cite
-
Email this content
Share Link
Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friendEmail this contentor copy the link directly:The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.Link copied successfully
Sign in
- Preliminary Material
- Series Editors’ Preface
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contents
- Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts (approved on 19 March 2015)
- Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of choice
- Art.3— Rules of law
- Art.4— Express and tacit choice
- Art.5— Formal validity of the choice of law
- Art.6— Agreement on the choice of law and battle of forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the chosen law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding mandatory rules and public policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Table of Cases
- International, supranational and regional courts
- National Courts
- Albania
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Australia
- Austria
- Bahrain
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Burkina Faso
- Canada
- Chile
- China (Mainland), People’s Republic of
- Colombia
- Congo, Democratic Republic of
- Costa Rica
- Dubai
- Egypt
- Eswatini
- Ethiopia
- France
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kenya
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Macau
- Malaysia
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Morocco
- Namibia
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nigeria
- Norway
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Poland
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Russia
- Serbia
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Switzerland
- Taiwan
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Zimbabwe
- Arbitral Tribunals
- Table of Legislation
- International Instruments
- European Union
- National Law
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Australia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Bahrain
- Belgium
- Bolivia
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil
- Burkina Faso
- Canada
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Chile
- China (Mainland), People’s Republic of
- Colombia
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
- Congo, Democratic Republic of
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Dominican Republic
- Dubai
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Estonia
- Ethiopia
- France
- Gabon
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Guinea-Bissau
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Kenya
- Kosovo
- Kuwait
- Jordan
- Lebanon
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macau
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Nigeria
- North Macedonia
- Norway
- Palestine
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Poland
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Romania
- Russia
- Senegal
- Singapore
- Slovenia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Switzerland
- Taiwan
- Tanzania
- Togo
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates see also Dubai
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yugoslavia
- Zambia
- List of Abbreviations
- Main Text
- Part 1 General and Special Reports
- 1 General Comparative Report: Global Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction
- Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- A Introduction
- B Comparative overview
- I International character of the contract
- II Commercial character of the contract
- III Consumer and employment contracts
- IV Other contracts
- V Excluded matters
- C Concluding remarks
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- A Introduction
- B Comparative overview
- 1.120
- I Freedom of choice, no connection required and choice of a ‘neutral law’ admitted
- II Choice of law recognized but connection required
- III Choice of law admitted only reluctantly and with a very limited scope of application
- IV Dépeçage
- V Option to make, or modify, the choice of law at any time provided the rights of third parties are respected
- VI Modification of the agreement on the applicable law and formal validity of the contract
- C Concluding remarks
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- A Introduction
- B Comparative overview
- 1.176
- I The choice of non-State law (‘rules of law’) to govern a contract
- II An evaluation of the two alternative approaches
- C Concluding Remarks
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- A Introduction
- B Comparative overview
- I Express choice of law
- II Tacit choice of law
- III Modification of an express or a tacit choice of law
- IV Tacit choice of non-State law
- V Terminology; distinction between tacit choice of law and the position where there is no choice of law
- VI Threshold for the determination of a tacit choice of law
- VII Sources from which a tacit choice of law may be deduced
- VIII Criteria for the determination of a tacit choice of law
- IX The role of a dispute resolution agreement in determining a tacit choice of law
- X Tacit choice of law during the court proceedings
- C Concluding remarks
- D No express or tacit choice of law
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- A Introduction
- B Agreement on the choice of law
- C Conflicting choice of law clauses: the battle of forms
- D Concluding remarks
- Art.7— Severability
- A Introduction
- B Comparative overview
- I Jurisdictions recognizing the principle of separability for choice of law agreements
- II Jurisdictions recognizing the principle of separability for arbitration or choice of court agreements, no authority regarding choice of law agreements available yet
- III Potential circumstances invalidating the main contract and/or the choice of law agreement
- C Concluding remarks
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- A Introduction
- B Comparative overview
- I Choice of law understood to designate substantive law (excluding rules of private international law)
- II Choice of law understood as including the private international law rules of the chosen law (with the potential for renvoi)
- III Possibility for the parties to include private international law rules in their choice of law agreement
- IV Uncertainty regarding renvoi
- C A critical analysis
- D Concluding remarks
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (Ordre Public)
- A Introduction
- B Comparative overview
- 1.444
- I General overview
- II Specific questions
- 1 Overriding mandatory provisions
- (a) International instruments
- (b) National jurisdictions
- (aa) Definition of ‘overriding mandatory provision’ or similar concepts?
- (bb) Application of overriding mandatory provisions of the law of the forum?
- (cc) Application or taking account of overriding mandatory provisions of other jurisdictions (in particular those of the law which would be applicable in the absence of choice)?
- 2 Public policy (‘ordre public’)
- 1 Overriding mandatory provisions
- C Discussion
- D Concluding remarks
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- A Introduction
- B Comparative overview
- C Discussion
- D Future Hague instrument
- 2 The Story of Party Autonomy
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B An Example from Antiquity
- C The Parties’ Implied Intention and the lex loci solutionis
- D Party Autonomy as an a priori Rule: Mancini
- E Legislative Endorsements in the Nineteenth Century
- F The First Half of the Twentieth Century
- G The Subsequent Triumph and Contemporary Dominance of Party Autonomy
- 3 The Provenance of the Hague Principles
- 4 HCCH: Roadmap for the Promotion of the HCCH Principles, with a Focus on the Role of International Organizations
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Review of Envisaged Uses
- C Future Promotion of the HCCH Principles
- I Fuelling a codification trend at the national and international levels
- II Domestic law reforms
- III International bodies with a mandate for law reform
- IV International commercial courts
- V International commercial mediation
- VI International intergovernmental organizations
- VII Endorsement of the HCCH Principles
- VIII Cooperation and coordination with international organizations (Sec2Sec)
- IX Integrating existing projects
- X Coordinate post-convention assistance
- XI International projects—the Belt and Road Initiative
- XII International trade agreements
- XIII Multi- and pluri-lateral trade agreements
- XIV Legal education and training—encouraging academic engagement
- XV Raising awareness on the relevance of the Principles among practitioners and in-house counsel
- XVI Moots
- D Possible Future Work for the HCCH
- E Conclusion
- 5 UNCITRAL: UNCITRAL Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- 6 UNIDROIT: The Model Clauses for the Choice of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and Article 3 of the Hague Principles
- 7 International Commercial Arbitration: Perspective on the Hague Principles in International Commercial Arbitration
- Preliminary Material
- A Introduction
- B Flexibility of Arbitration vis-à-vis Court Litigation
- C Arbitrators’ Approach to Determine the Law Applicable to the Merits of the Dispute
- D Freedom to Choose Non-State Rules of Law in Arbitration
- E Applying the Hague Principles to International Arbitration
- I Broad definition of international contract (Art 1(2) of the Hague Principles)
- II Excluded matters (Art 1(3) of the Hague Principles)
- III Party-chosen dépeçage (Art 2(2) of the Hague Principles)
- IV Modification allowed (Art 2(3) of the Hague Principles)
- V No connection required (Art 2(4) of the Hague Principles)
- VI Choice of non-State rules of law (Art 3 of the Hague Principles)
- VII Tacit choice of law (Art 4 of the Hague Principles)
- VIII Form requirements (Art 5 of the Hague Principles)
- IX Consent and battle of forms (Art 6 of the Hague Principles)
- X Separability (Art 7 of the Hague Principles)
- XI Exclusion of renvoi (Art 8 of the Hague Principles)
- XII Scope of the chosen law (Art 9 of the Hague Principles)
- XIII Assignment (Art 10 of the Hague Principles)
- XIV Overriding mandatory rules and public policy (Art 11 of the Hague Principles)
- XV Establishment (Art 12 of the Hague Principles)
- F Concluding Remarks
- 1 General Comparative Report: Global Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Part 2 National and Regional Reports
- Part 2.1 Africa: Coordinated by Jan L Neels and Eesa A Fredericks
- 8 African Principles of Commercial Private International Law: The African Principles of Commercial Private International Law and the Hague Principles
- 9 OHADA: The Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa and the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 10 Angola and Mozambique: Angolan and Mozambican Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 11 Common Law Africa: Common Law African Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 12 Democratic Republic of the Congo: Congolese Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 13 Egypt: Egyptian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice of Law by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 14 Ethiopia: Ethiopian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 15 Mauritius: Mauritian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 16 Morocco: Moroccan Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 17 South Africa: South African Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 18 Tunisia: Tunisian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- Part 2.2 Asia: Coordinated by Yuko Nishitani and Béligh Elbalti
- Preliminary Material
- 19 Asian Principles of Private International Law: The Asian Principles of Private International Law and the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 20 Bahrain: Bahraini Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 21 China (Mainland): Chinese Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 22 Dubai International Financial Centre: DIFC Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 23 Hong Kong: Hong Kong Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 24 India: Indian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 25 Indonesia: Indonesian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 26 Iran: Iranian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of the Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 27 Israel: Israeli Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice of Law by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 28 Japan: Japanese Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice of Law by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 29 Kuwait: Kuwaiti Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 30 Lebanon: Lebanese Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 31 Macau: Macau Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice of Law by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 32 Malaysia: Malaysian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 33 Palestine: Palestinian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 34 Qatar: Qatari Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding mandatory rules and public policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 35 Singapore: Singaporean Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 36 South Caucasus: South Caucasian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 37 South Korea: South Korean Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 38 Taiwan: Taiwanese Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 39 United Arab Emirates: Emirati Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 40 Vietnam: Vietnamese Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity and the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- Part 2.3 Australasia: Coordinated by Brooke Marshall
- 41 Australia: Australian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 42 New Zealand: New Zealand Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal validity of the choice of law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of the Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of a Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 41 Australia: Australian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Part 2.4 Europe: Coordinated by Thomas Kadner Graziano
- 43 European Union: European Union Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- 43.10
- The capacity of natural persons.
- Arbitration agreements and agreements on choice of court.
- The law governing companies or other collective bodies and trusts.
- Insolvency proceedings.
- Proprietary effects of contracts.
- The issue of whether an agent is able to bind a principal to a third party.
- Further excluded issues.
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 44 Iceland: Icelandic Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- 44.07
- The capacity of natural persons.
- Arbitration agreements and agreements on choice of court.
- The law governing companies or other collective bodies and trusts.
- Establishment.
- Insolvency.
- Proprietary effects of contracts.
- The issue of whether an agent is able to bind a principal to a third party.
- Further issues.
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 45 Liechtenstein: Liechtenstein Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Domestic legislation.
- Main conventions in force.
- Relationship between conventions and domestic legislation.
- EU private international law.
- Case law and academic commentary.
- Comparative law as a relevant method in interpreting Liechtenstein law, Legal transplants.
- Beyond legal transplants.
- The Hague Principles as persuasive authority.
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- Introduction and Preamble
- 46 Norway: Norwegian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 47 Russia: Russian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- 48 Switzerland: Swiss Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 49 Turkey: Turkish Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- Conclusion
- 50 Ukraine: Ukrainian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 51 United Kingdom: United Kingdom Perspectives on the Hague Principles: Beyond the European Union
- Introduction
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- 52 Western Balkans: Western Balkans Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 43 European Union: European Union Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Part 2.5 Latin America: Coordinated by Lauro Gama and José Antonio Moreno Rodríguez
- Preliminary Material
- 53 Organization of American States: The OAS Guide and the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of the Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- Miscellaneous Provisions
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 54 Argentina: Argentine Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 55 Bolivia: Bolivian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 56 Brazil: Brazilian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- 56.13
- The capacity of natural persons.
- Arbitration agreements and agreements on choice of court.
- The law governing companies or other collective bodies and trusts.
- Insolvency.
- Proprietary effects of contracts.
- The issue of whether an agent is able to bind a principal to a third party.
- Consumer contracts and labour agreements.
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 57 Chile: Chilean Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 58 Colombia: Colombian Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Interpretation.
- Rights and obligations arising from the contract.
- Performance and the consequences of non-performance, including the assessment of damages.
- The various way of extinguishing obligations, and prescriptions and limitations period.
- Validity and the consequences of invalidity of the contract.
- Burden of proof and legal presumptions.
- Pre-contractual obligations.
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 59 Costa Rica: Costa Rican Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Introduction and Preamble
- Art.1— Scope of the Principles
- Art.2— Freedom of Choice
- Art.3— Rules of Law
- Art.4— Express and Tacit Choice
- Art.5— Formal Validity of the Choice of Law
- Art.6— Agreement on the Choice of Law and Battle of the Forms
- Art.7— Severability
- Art.8— Exclusion of renvoi
- Art.9— Scope of the Chosen Law
- Art.10— Assignment
- Art.11— Overriding Mandatory Rules and Public Policy (ordre public)
- Art.12— Establishment
- Law Applicable in the Absence of Choice by the Parties
- International Commercial Arbitration
- 60 Guatemala: Guatemalan Perspectives on the Hague Principles
- Part 2.1 Africa: Coordinated by Jan L Neels and Eesa A Fredericks
- Part 1 General and Special Reports