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- Preliminary Material
- Series Editor’s Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Contents
- Table of Cases
- International Courts and Tribunals
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Canada
- China
- Denmark
- Egypt
- England and Wales
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hong Kong
- India
- Ireland
- Italy
- Kenya
- Malaysia
- The Netherlands
- Nigeria
- Norway
- Singapore
- Spain
- South Africa
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Turkey
- United States
- Ad hoc arbitrations
- International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
- International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
- Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (IUSCT)
- London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA)
- Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
- Table of Legal Instruments
- List of Abbreviations
- Main Text
- Introduction
- Part I Conceptual Foundations
- Preliminary Material
- 1 Third-Party Support to Arbitral Tribunals: History and Taxonomy
- Preliminary Material
- 1.01
- 1.02
- I Tribunal-Appointed Experts on Factual Issues
- II Tribunal-Appointed Experts on Legal Issues
- III Tribunal Secretaries Appointed by the Arbitral Tribunal
- IV Tribunal Secretaries Appointed by Arbitral Institutions
- 1.42
- A Distinction between tribunal secretaries and the institution’s staff
- B ICSID and PCA arbitrations
- C Legal assistants at the Iran–US Claims Tribunal
- D Ad hoc clerks at the Court of Arbitration for Sport
- E Reporters at the Russian International Commercial Arbitration Court
- F Tribunal secretaries appointed by commercial arbitral institutions
- 1.79
- 1 The BANI Arbitration Centre
- 2 The China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission
- 3 The Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration
- 4 The Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre
- 5 The International Arbitration Chamber of Paris
- 6 The Netherlands Arbitration Institute
- 7 Raad van Arbitrage voor de Bouw
- G Result: Institutional tribunal secretaries as quality safeguards
- V Conclusion
- 2 Tribunal Secretaries: Practical Need and Legal Admissibility
- Preliminary Material
- 2.01
- 2.02
- I The Practical Need for Tribunal Secretaries
- II The Legal Admissibility of Tribunal Secretaries
- 2.51
- A Express legal bases
- B Implicit legal bases
- C Analogy to the legal bases for judicial assistants in other fora
- D The tribunal’s duty to conduct the proceedings efficiently
- E The tribunal’s discretion to conduct the proceedings
- F Party autonomy
- G Result: General legal admissibility of tribunal secretaries
- III The Legal Status of Tribunal Secretaries
- IV Conclusion
- 3 Receptum Secretarii: Contractual Relationships
- Preliminary Material
- 3.01
- 3.02
- 3.03
- I The Relevance of Pre-Existing Relationships
- II Parties to and Formation of the Tribunal Secretary’s Contract
- III The Nature of the Tribunal Secretary’s Contract
- IV Law Applicable to the Tribunal Secretary’s Contract
- V Rights and Duties Arising from the Secretary’s Contract
- VI Liabilities
- VII Conclusion
- Part II The Tribunal Secretary’s Mandate
- Preliminary Material
- 4 The Appointment Process
- Preliminary Material
- 4.01
- 4.02
- I Candidates’ Qualifications
- II Impartiality and Independence
- 4.38
- A Tribunal secretaries’ duty to impartiality and independence
- B Standard for the assessment of impartiality and independence
- C Disclosure obligation
- D Tribunal secretaries in second-tier arbitrations
- III The Parties’ Involvement in the Appointment Process
- IV Formal Appointment Process
- V Informal Participation of ‘Undisclosed Secretaries’
- VI Conclusion
- 5 Permissible Tasks
- Preliminary Material
- 5.01
- 5.02
- 5.03
- 5.04
- I The Personal Nature of the Arbitrator’s Mandate
- 5.05
- A The mandate’s hybrid nature
- B Lack of codification and explicit agreements on the mandate’s personal nature
- C The parties’ choice of arbitrator
- D Consequences for the personal nature of the arbitrator’s mandate
- II The Eminently Personal Parts of the Arbitrator’s Mandate
- 5.49
- A Duty to conduct the arbitral proceedings
- B Duty to render a decision on the parties’ dispute
- 5.62
- 5.63
- 5.64
- 1 Deduction: The analytical process of arbitral decision-making
- 5.65
- 5.66
- a Reading and listening to the parties’ submissions
- b Establishing the facts of the case
- c Identifying the contents and meaning of the applicable law(s)
- d Applying the law to the facts, thus reaching a decision
- e Recording this decision and its reasoning
- f Summary: The core of arbitral decision-making
- 2 Intuition: Extra-legal aspects of arbitral decision-making
- C Result: List of eminently personal parts of the arbitral mandate
- III Framework for the Determination of Permissible Delegation and Support
- IV The Secretary’s Role in the Discharge of the Arbitrator’s Mandate
- 5.136
- A Role in the discharge of administrative duties
- B Role in the discharge of procedural duties
- C Role in the discharge of duty to decide the case
- 5.176
- 1 Party submissions
- 2 Factual circumstances of the case
- 3 Applicable law(s)
- 4 Arbitral decision-making
- 5 Recording the decision
- 6 Issuance of the award
- 7 Post-award duties
- 8 Facilitation of settlement between the parties
- D Other tasks
- V Conclusion
- 6 Remuneration
- Preliminary Material
- 6.01
- 6.02
- I The Secretary’s Contractual Claim for Remuneration
- II Allocation of the Secretary’s Costs
- 6.05
- A Allocation of costs if the arbitral tribunal is remunerated on an hourly basis
- B Allocation of costs if the tribunal is remunerated ad valorem
- C Allocation of costs independent of the arbitrator’s remuneration
- D Conclusion and a proposal
- III Determining the Appropriate Rate
- IV Secretary Remuneration as a Means to Control Arbitrator Conduct
- V Conclusion
- Part III The Irregular Use of Tribunal Secretaries
- Preliminary Material
- 7 Challenge of Secretaries and Arbitrators
- Preliminary Material
- 7.01
- I Challenge of Tribunal Secretaries
- 7.02
- A The parties’ right to challenge secretaries
- B Grounds for the challenge of tribunal secretaries
- C Challenge procedure
- D Decision on the challenge
- E Legal effect of a challenge
- II Removal of Tribunal Secretaries
- III Challenge of Arbitrators
- IV Conclusion
- 8 The Fate of the Award
- Preliminary Material
- 8.01
- I Nullity of the Award
- II Grounds for Annulment and Denial of Enforcement
- 8.05
- A Tribunal secretary acted as de facto arbitrator
- 8.06
- 1 Threshold for considering secretaries de facto arbitrators
- 2 Irregular composition of the arbitral tribunal
- 3 Irregular procedure
- 8.35
- a Tribunal has not complied with parties’ procedural agreements
- b Tribunal has not respected the personal nature of its mandate
- c Tribunal has failed to properly deliberate
- d Tribunal has prejudged the case
- e Award lacks the reasons upon which it is based
- f Secretary has improperly fulfilled her mandate
- 4 Violation of procedural public policy
- B Tribunal secretary contributed information parties had no opportunity to comment on
- C Tribunal secretary lacked impartiality and independence
- III Effect on the Award and Forfeiture
- IV Conclusion
- 9 The Proof Conundrum
- 10 Results and Outlook
- Further Material
- Appendix A Formal Appointment Process for Tribunal Secretaries
- Appendix B Model Letter on the Proposed Appointment of a Tribunal Secretary
- Appendix C Tribunal Secretary Terms of Appointment
- Appendix D Tribunal Secretary’s Declaration of Impartiality and Independence
- Appendix E Traffic Light Scale of Permissible Tribunal Secretary Tasks
- Appendix F Table of Secretary Identities in ICSID Annulment Proceedings
- Bibliography
- Index
- [18.206.13.203]
- 18.206.13.203
