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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface
Summary Contents
Detailed Contents
Table of Cases
United Kingdom
European Union
Australia
New Zealand
United States of America
Table of Legislation
United Kingdom
Statutes
Statutory Instruments
Australia
Belgium
European Union
Decisions
Directives
Proposed Directives
Regulations
Hong Kong
Ireland, Republic of
Jersey
Luxembourg
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Switzerland
United States of America
Table of Treaties and Conventions
Table of Charter
List of Abbreviations
List of Contributors
Editors
Contributors
Main Text
Part I Financial Markets
1 Financial Markets and Exchanges
Preliminary Material
Introduction
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
Origin and development
1.13
1.14
1.15
Securities and exchanges
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
Restructuring and competition
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
Electronic trading and internal order books
1.25
1.26
1.27
Regulatory challenge
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
Scandal and crisis
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
Global financial crisis
1.39
1.40
1.41
Financial markets and instruments
1.42
1.43
1.44
Capital markets
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
Money markets
1.53
1.54
1.55
Eurodollar markets
1.56
Currency markets
1.57
Financial derivatives markets
1.58
Gold market
1.59
Commodity markets
1.60
Insurance markets
1.61
Markets and exchanges
1.62
Financial markets and exchanges
1.63
1.64
1.65
Securities and claims
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
Primary and secondary markets
1.74
Primary markets
1.75
Secondary markets
1.76
Market operation
1.77
Auction
1.78
Exchange
1.79
Electronic
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
Over-the-counter (OTC)
1.84
1.85
Order book
1.86
Market structure
1.87
Non-profit mutual organization
1.88
Profit mutual or cooperative
1.89
Body corporate
1.90
Market function
1.91
Price disclosure
1.92
Trading or dealing
1.93
1.94
1.95
Clearing
1.96
1.97
1.98
Settlement
1.99
1.100
1.101
1.102
Trade and transaction reporting
1.103
1.104
Market trading
1.105
1.106
Order- and quote-driven
1.107
1.108
Dealer markets
1.109
1.110
Limit order book
1.111
Open outcry
1.112
Call or batch trading
1.113
Market orders
1.114
1.115
Market orders
1.116
1.117
Limit orders
1.118
Stop orders
1.119
FinTech and RegTech
1.120
1.121
1.122
1.123
1.124
Financial crisis and financial reform
1.125
1.126
1.127
Financial crisis stages
1.128
Inter-bank markets
1.129
1.130
US financial crisis
1.131
1.132
Stock market collapse
1.133
1.134
1.135
Financial support and stimulus
1.136
Sovereign debt and eurozone crisis
1.137
1.138
1.139
Financial crisis response
1.140
International
1.141
1.142
United States
1.143
1.144
United Kingdom
1.145
European Union
1.146
Private initiatives
1.147
UK regulatory system
1.148
1.149
1.150
1.151
Bank of England
1.152
Financial Policy Committee
1.153
Prudential Regulation Authority
1.154
1.155
1.156
1.157
Financial Conduct Authority
1.158
Financial Services
1.159
Financial Services Act 2012
1.160
1.161
Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013
1.162
Bank of England and Financial Services Act 2016
1.163
Coronavirus crisis and financial markets
1.164
1.165
1.166
1.167
1.168
1.169
1.170
1.171
Brexit
1.172
1.173
1.174
1.175
Financial evolution
1.176
1.177
1.178
1.179
1.180
2 Exchange Review, Regulation, and Evolution
Preliminary Material
Introduction
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
UK markets
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
London Stock Exchange (LSE)
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
Main Market
2.20
2.21
2.22
Professional Securities Market
2.23
Specialist Fund Market and Segment
2.24
SETS
2.25
SEATS Plus and SETSqx
2.26
SEAQ
2.27
SEAQ International and International Order Book (IOB)
2.28
Trade reporting
2.29
Transaction reporting
2.30
Alternative markets
2.31
2.32
AIM
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
LIFFE
2.41
2.42
2.43
Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)
2.44
ICE Futures Europe
2.45
Euronext London Ltd
2.46
London Metal Exchange (LME)
2.47
2.48
2.49
PLUS Stock Exchange and Aquis Stock Exchange Ltd
2.50
CBOE Europe Ltd
2.51
IPSX UK Ltd
2.52
SIX Swiss Exchange
2.53
2.54
2.55
OMX
2.56
2.57
Alternative trading systems
2.58
2.59
Turquoise
2.60
2.61
2.62
Multilateral trading facilities
2.63
Dark pools
2.64
Exchange-traded funds
2.65
CREST
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
London Clearing House (LCH.Clearnet)
2.70
2.71
Gilt and cheque clearing
2.72
2.73
2.74
Exchange regulation, structure, and operation
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
Exchange regulation
2.79
2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
WFE
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
IOSCO
2.95
2.96
2.97
Payment and settlement
2.98
2.99
2.100
2.101
2.102
2.103
EU directives and MiFID II
2.104
2.105
2.106
2.107
2.108
2.109
2.110
2.111
2.112
2.113
Market documentation
2.114
2.115
2.116
2.117
2.118
Exchange recognition
2.119
2.120
2.121
2.122
2.123
2.124
2.125
2.126
2.127
2.128
2.129
Exchange function
2.130
2.131
2.132
2.133
Exchange structure and ownership
2.134
2.135
2.136
2.137
2.138
2.139
2.140
2.141
2.142
2.143
2.144
2.145
2.146
2.147
Exchange governance
2.148
2.149
2.150
2.151
2.152
2.153
2.154
Exchange conduct
2.155
2.156
2.157
2.158
Market and exchange evolution
2.159
2.160
2.161
2.162
Digital competition
2.163
2.164
2.165
2.166
2.167
2.168
2.169
2.170
2.171
2.172
Financial innovation
2.173
2.174
2.175
2.176
2.177
2.178
2.179
Capital role and private investment
2.180
2.181
2.182
2.183
Financial security
2.184
2.185
2.186
2.187
2.188
2.189
Financial stability
2.190
2.191
2.192
2.193
2.194
2.195
2.196
Financial integration and global contribution
2.197
2.198
2.199
2.200
3 UK Central Banking and Financial Stability
Preliminary Material
The Bank of England
Brief history of the Bank and its functions
3.01
3.02
The note issue
3.03
3.04
Banking and the ‘lender of last resort’
3.05
Foreign exchange management
3.06
Nationalization
3.07
Banking supervision
3.08
The 1997 changes
3.09
Further changes following the financial crisis
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
The Bank’s constitution
3.18
3.19
The Court of Directors
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
The Monetary Policy Committee
3.24
3.25
3.26
The Financial Policy Committee
3.27
3.28
3.29
Prudential Regulation Committee
3.30
3.31
Executive management
3.32
The Bank as banker
Banking operations
3.33
3.34
Note issue
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
Cash ratio deposits
3.40
The Bank and monetary policy
The statutory framework
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
The Monetary Policy Committee
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
Setting Bank Rate and its effects
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
Quantitative easing and its effects
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
The Bank’s money market operations
3.60
The use of repo transactions
3.61
3.62
3.63
‘Normal’ operations for monetary policy purposes
3.64
3.65
Money market operations for liquidity insurance purposes
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
The Bank and financial stability
Introduction
3.75
3.76
The financial stability objective
3.77
3.78
The Financial Policy Committee
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
The financial stability MoU
3.87
3.88
Liquidity provision and bank resolution
3.89
3.90
3.91
The rationale for liquidity insurance
3.92
3.93
Bank resolution
The experience of the financial crisis
3.94
3.95
3.96
3.97
The powers available under the Banking Act 2009
3.98
3.99
3.100
3.101
3.102
3.103
3.104
3.105
3.106
3.107
The framework within which the Banking Act 2009 powers are to be exercised
3.108
3.109
3.110
3.111
3.112
Pre-resolution powers
3.113
3.114
3.115
Systemically important infrastructure
3.116
3.117
Part II UK Securities Markets
4 Recognized Investment Exchanges (RIEs) and Recognized Clearing Houses (RCHs)
Preliminary Material
Introduction
4.01
Background
4.02
4.03
Bifurcation of oversight of recognized bodies
4.04
EMIR
4.05
4.06
4.07
MiFID II
4.08
4.09
4.10
Regulation of CCPs under EMIR
Requirement for authorization
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
Requirement for recognition
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
Supervisory requirements
4.22
Organizational requirements
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
Conduct of business requirements
4.27
Prudential requirements
4.28
Interoperability
4.29
4.30
Interaction with UK recognition requirements
4.31
Recovery and resolution of CCPs
4.32
4.33
4.34
Impact of Brexit on CCP regulation
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
Regulation under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000
4.39
Scope of regulation: the requirement for authorization/exemption under the FSMA
4.40
4.41
Exemption under Part XVIII of the FSMA
Scope of exemption
4.42
4.43
4.44
UK and overseas bodies
4.45
Conditions for exemption
UK bodies
4.46
Overseas bodies
4.47
Power to refuse recognition on grounds of excessive regulatory provision
4.48
Recognition requirements for UK bodies
General requirements (RIEs and RCHs)
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
Financial resources
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
Suitability
4.59
4.60
4.61
Systems and controls
4.62
4.63
4.64
Safeguards for investors
4.65
4.66
Promotion and maintenance of standards
4.67
4.68
Rules and consultation
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
Discipline
4.73
4.74
4.75
Complaints
4.76
4.77
Additional requirements for RIEs
4.78
Default rules
Background
4.79
4.80
4.81
Part VII of the Companies Act 1989
4.82
Market contracts
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
Market charges
4.89
4.90
4.91
4.92
Market property
4.93
4.94
4.95
Recognition requirements for overseas bodies
4.96
4.97
4.98
Supervision of recognized bodies
Application procedure
4.99
Powers of the regulators
Directions
4.100
4.101
Revocation of recognition
4.102
4.103
Procedure for directions and revocation
4.104
4.105
Complaints handling
4.106
Notification requirements
4.107
UK bodies
4.108
4.109
4.110
Overseas bodies
4.111
4.112
4.113
Waiver of notification requirements
4.114
Ownership and control of an RIE
4.115
4.116
4.117
4.118
Other provisions relating to financial markets and insolvency
4.119
Duty to report default proceedings
4.120
Directions
4.121
Applications by insolvent members or designated non-members
4.122
Approval of changes to default rules
4.123
Competition
4.124
4.125
4.126
4.127
4.128
4.129
4.130
Immunity under Section 291 of the FSMA
4.131
4.132
4.133
4.134
The European framework
Regulated markets under the MiFID II package
4.135
Regulated market definition
4.136
4.137
4.138
Scope of activities of regulated markets under MiFID II
4.139
Obligations of regulated markets
4.140
Rights of regulated markets
4.141
4.142
MiFIR
Scope
4.143
4.144
Pre- and post-trade transparency requirements
4.145
4.146
4.147
4.148
4.149
4.150
4.151
4.152
4.153
4.154
4.155
4.156
4.157
4.158
Record-keeping, transaction reporting obligations, and the supply of reference data
4.159
4.160
4.161
Obligations (and rights) in respect of non-discriminatory access to clearing and the licensing of benchmarks
4.162
4.163
4.164
The Settlement Finality Directive
Scope
4.165
4.166
4.167
4.168
4.169
Effect of designation
4.170
4.171
Application for designation
4.172
4.173
4.174
Approval of overseas investment exchanges and clearing houses
4.175
4.176
Designated investment exchange status
4.177
5 UK Listing, Prospectus, and Disclosure Regime
Preliminary Material
Introduction
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
Official List and listing segments
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09
Listing Rules
5.10
Preliminary (LR 1)
5.11
5.12
Requirements for listing (LR 2)
5.13
Listing applications (LR 3)
5.14
Listing particulars for professional securities market and certain other securities (LR 4)
5.15
Suspending, cancelling, and restoring listing and reverse takeovers (LR 5)
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
Additional requirements for premium listing (commercial companies) (LR 6)
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
Listing Principles and Premium Listing Principles (LR 7)
5.30
5.31
Sponsors (LR 8)
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
Continuing obligations (LR 9)
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
Significant transactions (LR 10)
5.49
5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
Related party transactions (LR 11)
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
Dealing in own securities and treasury shares (LR 12)
5.65
5.66
Contents of circulars (LR 13)
5.67
5.68
Standard listing (LR 14)
5.69
5.70
Closed-ended investment funds (LR 15)
5.71
5.72
5.73
Open-ended investment companies (LR 16)
5.74
Debt and debt-like securities (LR 17)
5.75
Certificates representing certain securities (LR 18)
5.76
5.77
5.78
Securitized derivatives (LR 19)
5.79
Miscellaneous securities (LR 20)
5.80
Sovereign-controlled commercial companies (LR 21)
5.81
Prospectus Regulation Rules
5.82
5.83
Preliminary (PRR 1)
5.84
5.85
5.86
5.87
Drawing up the prospectus (PRR 2)
5.88
5.89
5.90
5.91
5.92
5.93
5.94
5.95
5.96
5.97
Approval and application of prospectus (PRR 3)
5.98
5.99
5.100
5.101
Use of languages and third-country issuers (PRR 4)
5.102
5.103
Other provisions (PRR 5)
5.104
5.105
5.106
Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules and Disclosure Requirements
5.107
5.108
Public disclosure of inside information (Art. 17 of MAR and DTR 2)
5.109
5.110
5.111
5.112
5.113
5.114
5.115
5.116
Insider lists (Art. 18 of MAR)
5.117
5.118
Managers’ transactions (Art. 19 of MAR and DTR 3)
5.119
5.120
Periodic financial reporting (DTR 4)
5.121
Vote holder and issuer notification rules (DTR 5)
5.122
5.123
5.124
Continuing obligations and access to information (DTR 6)
5.125
Corporate governance (DTR 7)
5.126
5.127
Primary information providers (DTR 8)
5.128
6 The Trading Architecture and Pre- and Post-Trade Transparency
Preliminary Material
Introduction
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
MiFID I
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
2010 Review of MiFID I and the development of MiFID II
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
MiFID II
6.17
6.18
Concentration rules
6.19
6.20
Pre-trade transparency—Equities
6.21
6.22
Double Volume Cap
6.23
6.24
Post-trade transparency equities
6.25
6.26
Bonds, derivatives, emission allowances and structured finance products
Pre-trade transparency
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
Pre-trade transparency—Systematic internalizers
6.31
6.32
6.33
SIs—Equities
6.34
6.35
6.36
SIs—Non-equity financial instruments
6.37
Post-trade transparency
Equities
6.38
6.39
Bonds, derivatives, structured finance products and emission allowances
6.40
6.41
6.42
Data publication and consolidation
6.43
6.44
6.45
MiFID II Review
6.46
6.47
Brexit
6.48
6.49
6.50
6.51
7 Multilateral Trading Facilities (MTFs) and Organized Trading Facilities (OTFs)
Preliminary Material
Introduction
7.01
History/development
Evolving market infrastructure
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
Alternative trading systems
7.07
7.08
Regulatory challenges posed by alternative trading infrastructure
7.09
Market-facing obligations
7.10
Transparency
7.11
7.12
Liquidity
7.13
MiFID I regime
7.14
7.15
MiFID I
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
MiFID II
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
Requirement to operate a multilateral system as a regulated market, MTF or OTF
7.25
7.26
7.27
Definitions of MTF and OTF: key differences
7.28
7.29
7.30
Key differences
7.31
7.32
7.33
Licensing requirement
7.34
7.35
Obligations associated with the operation of an MTF or OTF
7.36
7.37
7.38
Trading process and finalization of transactions
7.39
Market transparency and integrity
7.40
7.41
7.42
Systems and controls
7.43
Pre-trade and post-trade transparency
7.44
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.50
7.51
7.52
7.53
7.54
7.55
7.56
7.57
Record keeping, transaction reporting, and the supply of reference data
7.58
7.59
7.60
Non-discriminatory access to clearing and the licensing of benchmarks
7.61
7.62
7.63
7.64
Other provisions specific to MTFs
7.65
Other provisions specific to OTFs
7.66
MiFID passport
7.67
7.68
7.69
7.70
Impact of Brexit
7.71
7.72
UK regulation of MTFs and OTFs
UK regulatory framework
7.73
7.74
7.75
7.76
7.77
Licensing requirement: the requirement for authorization/exemption under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000
7.78
7.79
7.80
7.81
Operating an MTF or OTF (Articles 25D and 25DA of the RAO)
7.82
7.83
7.84
7.85
7.86
Agreeing
7.87
‘Carried on in the United Kingdom’: territorial scope of the UK regime
7.88
7.89
Interpretation of the term ‘carried on in the United Kingdom’: application of the regime to inward provision of services
7.90
7.91
7.92
Overseas persons exclusion
7.93
7.94
7.95
7.96
Dealing as principal or agent
7.97
7.98
7.99
7.100
7.101
7.102
7.103
7.104
7.105
7.106
Arranging
7.107
7.108
Agreeing
7.109
7.110
Licensing alternatives for MTF operators: authorization vs recognition
7.111
7.112
7.113
7.114
General regulatory obligations of authorized firms
7.115
7.116
Differences between the regulation of (i) RIEs and (ii) MTFs and OTFs
7.117
General
7.118
Relationship with the FCA
7.119
Regulated markets
7.120
Admission of financial instruments
7.121
7.122
Clearing and settlement
7.123
Monitoring and enforcement
7.124
Safeguards for investors
7.125
Monitoring and enforcement
7.126
Suspension and removal of instruments
7.127
Fees
7.128
Regulatory capital and liquidity requirements
7.129
Exemption from liability
7.130
Insolvency protections
7.131
Competition
7.132
Brexit
7.133
7.134
7.135
7.136
8 Transaction Reporting
Preliminary Material
Introduction
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
The legal framework
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.10
The primary reporting obligation in MIFIR
8.11
8.12
8.13
What is an investment firm?
8.14
8.15
8.16
What is a financial instrument?
8.17
8.18
8.19
What is a transaction?
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
How are transaction reports to be submitted?
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
What information has to be reported?
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.35
Obligations on operators of trading venues, arms, and competent authorities
8.36
8.37
How is the data utilized?
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
Connectivity with FCA systems
8.42
Enforcement action for transaction breaches
8.43
8.44
8.45
8.46
Post-Brexit
8.47
8.48
8.49
8.50
8.51
8.52
8.53
Part III UK Derivatives, Money, and Debt Markets
9 London Stock Exchange: Regulation of the Main Market and Alternative Investment Market (AIM)
Preliminary Material
Origin and development
Trading at the coffee house
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
The Big Bang
9.05
9.06
Current regulatory framework
FSMA and Recognition Requirements
9.07
9.08
MiFID II
9.09
9.10
Supervision
9.11
9.12
The Main Market
Overview
9.13
9.14
Primary market admission
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
Secondary market trading
9.20
SETS
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24
SETSqx
9.25
9.26
9.27
Off order book trades
9.28
9.29
9.30
Alternative Investment Market (AIM)
9.31
Nomads
9.32
9.33
9.34
Admission to AIM and trading
9.35
9.36
Order book and trading systems
9.37
Off order book transactions
9.38
Settlement and clearing
Settlement
9.39
9.40
9.41
9.42
9.43
Clearing
9.44
9.45
UK regulatory reform and Brexit
9.46
9.47
9.48
9.49
9.50
9.51
9.52
10 UK Government Debt Management and the Gilt Market
Preliminary Material
Introduction
10.01
10.02
10.03
Status, Aim and Objectives of the United Kingdom Debt Management Office
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
Accountability and relationships with the Treasury
10.08
10.09
10.10
Accountability to Parliament
10.11
10.12
Permanent Secretary
10.13
Chief Executive
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
Annual Business Plans
10.18
Annual Report and Accounts
10.19
10.20
Financial Arrangements
10.21
Audit
10.22
10.23
Debt management
10.24
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
Cash management
10.33
10.34
10.35
Public Works Loan Board (PWLB)
10.36
Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt (CRND)
10.37
10.38
Gilt purchase and sale service
10.39
Discount Window Facility
10.40
Funding for Lending Scheme
10.41
Relationship of the Debt Management Account to the National Loans Fund
10.42
10.43
10.44
10.45
10.46
10.47
10.48
10.49
10.50
Objective of UK government debt management
10.51
10.52
Components of the debt management objective
10.53
10.54
10.55
Debt management policy principles
10.56
10.57
Roles of HM Treasury and the DMO
10.58
10.59
10.60
The full funding rule
10.61
10.62
10.63
10.64
10.65
Debt management considerations
10.66
10.67
The gilt market
10.68
Conventional gilts
10.69
10.70
10.71
Index-linked gilts
10.72
10.73
10.74
Three-month lag index-linked gilts
10.75
Indexation methodology
10.76
10.77
10.78
10.79
Trading convention
10.80
Eight-month lag index-linked gilts
10.81
Gilt strips
10.82
10.83
10.84
10.85
10.86
10.87
10.88
10.89
10.90
Gilt market institutions and features
Gilt-edged Market Makers
10.91
Background and Essential Criteria for GEMMs
10.92
10.93
10.94
10.95
10.96
10.97
10.98
10.99
10.100
Definition of a GEMM
10.101
10.102
10.103
10.104
GEMM obligations
10.105
Participation in primary issuance
10.106
10.107
10.108
10.109
Market making
10.110
10.111
10.112
10.113
Provision of data and information to the DMO
10.114
10.115
10.116
GEMM privileges
10.117
Auction bidding
10.118
10.119
Preferred counterparty status
10.120
10.121
10.122
Other privileges
10.123
10.124
Rules of Relevant Exchanges and regulatory authorities
10.125
DMO operations in the gilt market
Primary market
10.126
10.127
10.128
10.129
10.130
10.131
Prior Notice of Gilt Auctions
10.132
10.133
10.134
Auction Mechanics
10.135
10.136
10.137
10.138
10.139
10.140
10.141
10.142
10.143
10.144
10.145
10.146
10.147
10.148
10.149
10.150
10.151
10.152
Conventional gilt auctions
10.153
10.154
10.155
Index-linked Gilt Auctions
10.156
10.157
10.158
Post Auction Option Facility (PAOF)
10.159
10.160
10.161
10.162
10.163
10.164
10.165
10.166
Uncovered auctions
10.167
10.168
Switch and reverse auctions
10.169
10.170
10.171
Gilt tenders
10.172
10.173
10.174
10.175
Syndications
10.176
10.177
10.178
10.179
10.180
10.181
10.182
Conversion offers
10.183
10.184
Editors’ Note
11 UK Derivatives and Commodities Markets
Preliminary Material
Introduction
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
Derivatives
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
Futures and forward transactions
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.20
11.21
11.22
11.23
11.24
Traded and OTC options
11.25
11.26
11.27
11.28
11.29
11.30
11.31
11.32
Forms of settlement
11.33
11.34
11.35
Other types of derivative
11.36
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
Underlying assets and other reference values
11.41
11.42
11.43
Spot trading of commodities
11.44
11.45
11.46
11.47
Regulatory framework
11.48
11.49
11.50
11.51
Organized markets in the UK
11.52
11.53
11.54
Regulated markets, multilateral trading facilities and organized trading facilities
11.55
11.56
11.57
11.58
11.59
Closed markets: membership requirements
11.60
11.61
11.62
11.63
11.64
Forms of trading
11.65
11.66
11.67
11.68
11.69
11.70
11.71
11.72
11.73
11.74
Rules and trading procedures
11.75
11.76
11.77
Transparency
11.78
11.79
11.80
Documentation
11.81
11.82
Technology infrastructure
11.83
Clearing, settlement, and margin
11.84
11.85
11.86
Dispute resolution
11.87
11.88
Regulation
11.89
11.90
11.91
11.92
The organized markets in London
11.93
11.94
11.95
The London Metal Exchange
11.96
11.97
11.98
11.99
ICE Futures Europe
11.100
11.101
11.102
11.103
11.104
11.105
Turquoise
11.106
TP ICAP
11.107
OTC markets in the UK
11.108
11.109
11.110
11.111
11.112
11.113
11.114
Open markets
11.115
11.116
Trading
11.117
11.118
11.119
11.120
11.121
11.122
11.123
11.124
Settlement
11.125
11.126
11.127
11.128
Collateral
11.129
11.130
11.131
11.132
11.133
11.134
11.135
Documentation
11.136
11.137
11.138
11.139
11.140
11.141
11.142
11.143
11.144
11.145
11.146
11.147
11.148
11.149
11.150
11.151
11.152
11.153
11.154
11.155
11.156
11.157
11.158
11.159
11.160
11.161
11.162
11.163
11.164
11.165
Dispute resolution
11.166
11.167
11.168
11.169
11.170
11.171
Other issues
11.172
11.173
Market associations active in London
11.174
ISDA
11.175
11.176
11.177
11.178
11.179
The Baltic Exchange and the Forward Freight Agreement Brokers Association
11.180
11.181
11.182
The Futures Industry Association (the FIA)
11.183
The London Bullion Market Association and London Platinum and Palladium Market
11.184
Other market associations
11.185
The future of the UK markets
11.186
11.187
11.188
11.189
11.190
11.191
Part IV UK Payment and Settlement
12 UK Payment Systems
Preliminary Material
IntroductionStatutory basis for oversight: The Banking Act 2009 (the Banking Act) and Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 (the 2013 Act)
12.01
12.02
12.03
Importance of payment systems
12.04
12.05
The Banking Act
12.06
12.07
12.08
12.09
12.10
12.11
12.12
Payment systems recognized under the Banking Act
12.13
Wholesale payment systems
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.21
Retail payment systems
12.22
12.23
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
Service providers to recognized payment systems
12.36
RTGS
12.37
12.38
CHAPS
12.39
12.40
12.41
Payment Systems Oversight
12.42
12.43
12.44
The Bank of England’s supervisory objectives with respect to the supervision of FMIs
12.45
12.46
Bank powers under the Banking Act 2009
12.47
Publication of principles
12.48
12.49
12.50
12.51
Introduction of a Code of Practice
12.52
Failure to comply with the Principles or the Code of Practice and ‘compliance failure’
12.53
12.54
12.55
12.56
12.57
12.58
Payment Systems Regulator
Introduction
12.59
12.60
Background
12.61
12.62
12.63
Establishment and Objectives
12.64
12.65
12.66
Regulatory Powers
12.67
Enforcement and Investigatory Powers
12.68
12.69
Competition Powers
12.70
Relationships with Other Regulators
12.71
12.72
12.73
International cooperation
12.74
Bank for International Settlements and CPMI
12.75
12.76
Financial Stability Board
12.77
12.78
European Central Bank and Eurosystem
12.79
12.80
FMI Special Administration Regime (FMI SAR)
12.81
Financial Markets and Insolvency (Settlement Finality) Regulations 1999
12.82
12.83
12.84
Brexit
12.85
12.86
Developing Areas
Payment Strategy Forum and the New Payments Architecture
12.87
12.88
The Bank’s Future of Finance project
12.89
12.90
13 UK Settlement
Preliminary Material
General
13.01
CREST
Introduction/history
13.02
13.03
13.04
13.05
13.06
13.07
13.08
13.09
13.10
Constitution and regulation
13.11
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
13.17
Operation
Participation
13.18
13.19
Core settlement arrangements: transfer of securities
13.20
13.21
13.22
13.23
Payments
13.24
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.30
13.31
13.32
Other issues
Taking security
13.33
Escrow balance
13.34
13.35
Delivery by value (DBV)
13.36
13.37
13.38
13.39
13.40
13.41
Corporate actions
13.42
13.43
13.44
13.45
13.46
Voting services
13.47
Depository interests (DIs)
13.48
13.49
13.50
International settlement links: CREST depository interests (CDIs)
13.51
13.52
13.53
Securities lending and repos
13.54
13.55
13.56
Central counterparty (CCP) service
13.57
13.58
13.59
13.60
13.61
13.62
13.63
LCH Limited
Introduction/history
13.64
13.65
13.66
Constitution and regulation
13.67
13.68
13.69
Operation
Participation
13.70
13.71
13.72
13.73
13.74
13.75
13.76
13.77
13.78
13.79
13.80
13.81
13.82
13.83
13.84
Core clearing arrangements
13.85
13.86
13.87
13.88
13.89
13.90
13.91
13.92
13.93
13.94
13.95
13.96
13.97
13.98
13.99
13.100
Collateral obligations
13.101
13.102
13.103
13.104
Other issues
Default funding
13.105
13.106
13.107
Protected payments system
13.108
Part V New Financial Technology in Financial Markets and Infrastructure
14 Fintech and Financial Markets Infrastructure—A Legal and Regulatory Perspective
Preliminary Material
Introduction
14.01
14.02
14.03
DLT
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.08
14.09
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.14
14.15
14.16
14.17
14.18
14.19
Payment tokens
14.20
14.21
14.22
14.23
14.24
14.25
14.26
Securities
14.27
14.28
14.29
14.30
14.31
14.32
Legal classification issues
14.33
14.34
14.35
14.36
14.37
14.38
14.39
Conflicts of laws issues
14.40
14.41
14.42
14.43
14.44
What is the law now and what is needed in the future?
14.45
14.46
14.47
14.48
14.49
14.50
14.51
14.52
14.53
Payments systems
What are they (traditionally)?
14.54
14.55
14.56
14.57
What are the possibilities for innovation (DLT and tokens)?
DLT
14.58
14.59
14.60
14.61
14.62
Tokens
14.63
14.64
14.65
14.66
14.67
What are the legal and regulatory (and other) issues for innovators?
DLT
14.68
14.69
14.70
14.71
14.72
Tokens
14.73
14.74
14.75
14.76
14.77
What law and regulation is needed now?
14.78
14.79
Securities trading
What is it (traditionally)?
14.80
14.81
14.82
What are the possibilities for innovation? (esp DLT and tokens)
DLT
14.83
14.84
14.85
Tokens
14.86
14.87
14.88
What are the legal and regulatory issues for innovators?
14.89
14.90
What law and regulation is needed now?
14.91
Securities clearing
What is it (traditionally)?
14.92
14.93
What are the possibilities for innovation? (esp DLT and tokens)
DLT
14.94
14.95
14.96
Tokens
14.97
What are the legal, regulatory and other issues for innovators? What law and regulation is needed now?
14.98
14.99
Securities settlement
What is it (traditionally)?
14.100
14.101
14.102
14.103
What are the possibilities for innovation (esp DLT and tokens)?
DLT
14.104
14.105
14.106
Tokens
14.107
14.108
14.109
Payment leg
14.110
14.111
14.112
14.113
Securities leg
14.114
14.115
14.116
Integration
14.117
14.118
14.119
14.120
14.121
14.122
What are the practical legal and regulatory issues for innovators?
DLT
14.123
14.124
14.125
14.126
14.127
Tokens
14.128
14.129
14.130
What law and regulation is needed now?
14.131
14.132
14.133
Securities holding, deposit and custody
What is it (traditionally)?
14.134
14.135
14.136
What are the possibilities for innovation? (esp DLT and tokens)
14.137
14.138
14.139
14.140
What are the legal and regulatory issues for innovators?
14.141
14.142
14.143
What law and regulation is needed now?
14.144
14.145
14.146
14.147
Derivatives infrastructure
What is it (traditionally)?
14.148
14.149
14.150
14.151
What are the possibilities for innovation?
14.152
14.153
14.154
What are the legal and regulatory issues for innovators?
14.155
14.156
14.157
What law and regulation is needed now?
14.158
14.159
Conclusion
14.160
15 Impact on Regulation of Financial Markets
Preliminary Material
15.01
15.02
15.03
15.04
15.05
15.06
15.07
15.08
15.09
15.10
15.11
Where are we now? Snapshot of fintech today
15.12
15.13
15.14
15.15
Overview of the underlying technologies
15.16
15.17
15.18
15.19
15.20
15.21
Data Technologies
15.22
Algorithm Technologies
15.23
Analytics Technologies
15.24
Infrastructure Technologies
15.25
15.26
How these technologies are tested and implemented in financial services
15.27
15.28
Data technologies
15.29
Algorithm technologies
15.30
15.31
15.32
15.33
Analytics technologies
15.34
15.35
Infrastructure technologies
15.36
15.37
Putting it all together
15.38
15.39
15.40
15.41
15.42
Where are we heading?
15.43
15.44
15.45
15.46
15.47
Digital regulatory reporting
15.48
15.49
15.50
15.51
15.52
15.53
15.54
Self-executing regulation
15.55
15.56
15.57
15.58
15.59
15.60
15.61
15.62
15.63
15.64
Regulatory impact simulations and regulatory modelling
15.65
15.66
15.67
Self-executing financial contracts
15.68
15.69
15.70
15.71
15.72
15.73
15.74
Self-executing circuit breakers
15.75
15.76
Machine learning from aggregated data
15.77
15.78
15.79
15.80
15.81
15.82
15.83
15.84
15.85
15.86
15.87
15.88
Putting it all together
15.89
15.90
15.91
15.92
Impact on regulation
15.93
15.94
15.95
15.96
15.97
15.98
Impact on Authorization
15.99
15.100
15.101
Speed
15.102
15.103
15.104
15.105
15.106
15.107
15.108
15.109
15.110
Data policies and infrastructure
15.111
15.112
15.113
15.114
15.115
15.116
15.117
Data and bias
15.118
15.119
15.120
Putting it all together
15.121
15.122
15.123
15.124
15.125
Impact on Supervision
15.126
15.127
15.128
15.129
15.130
15.131
Data security and privacy
15.132
15.133
15.134
15.135
15.136
15.137
15.138
DLT and data
15.139
15.140
15.141
15.142
15.143
Data ethics and algorithm bias
15.144
15.145
15.146
15.147
15.148
15.149
15.150
15.151
15.152
15.153
15.154
15.155
15.156
Putting it all together
15.157
15.158
15.159
Impact on Enforcement
15.160
15.161
15.162
15.163
Automated circuit breakers
15.164
15.165
15.166
15.167
15.168
What data can be used?
15.169
15.170
15.171
15.172
15.173
15.174
15.175
15.176
Who is responsible anyway?
15.177
15.178
15.179
15.180
15.181
15.182
Putting it all together
15.183
15.184
15.185
15.186
15.187
15.188
15.189
15.190
15.191
15.192
15.193
15.194
15.195
15.196
Part VI European Securities Markets Supervision
16 The European System of Financial Supervision
Preliminary Material
Introduction
16.01
16.02
16.03
16.04
16.05
The European Systemic Risk Board
Key EU legislative instruments
16.06
Objectives and tasks: overview
16.07
16.08
16.09
Collection and exchange of information
16.10
Warnings and recommendations
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
Organization
Seat
16.15
Chair
16.16
16.17
Structure
16.18
16.19
16.20
16.21
16.22
16.23
Funding
16.24
Impartiality
16.25
Professional secrecy
16.26
Accountability
16.27
Review
16.28
The European Supervisory Authorities
Key EU legislative instruments
16.29
16.30
Objectives
16.31
16.32
Technical standards
16.33
16.34
16.35
16.36
16.37
16.38
16.39
16.40
No Action Letters
16.41
Guidelines and recommendations
16.42
Opinions
16.43
Questions and Answers
16.44
ESMA
Consumer protection, including powers to prohibit or restrict financial activities temporarily
16.45
16.46
16.47
Powers in case of breach of EU law
16.48
16.49
Whistleblower Protection
16.50
Actions in emergency situations
16.51
16.52
Settlement of disagreements between national competent authorities
16.53
16.54
Direct EU-level supervisory powers
16.55
16.56
16.57
Systemic risk
16.58
16.59
16.60
16.61
Collection of information
16.62
Common supervisory culture
16.63
Colleges of Supervisors
16.64
EU instruments and legislative proposals that expand the powers of the ESAs
16.65
The CRA II Regulation
16.66
16.67
The Alternative Investment Fund Management Directive (AIFMD)
16.68
16.69
The Short Sales and CDS Regulation
16.70
The European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR)
16.71
16.72
Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) and Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (MiFIR)
16.73
Organization of the ESAs
Seat
16.74
Structure
16.75
16.76
16.77
16.78
16.79
Chair and executive director
16.80
16.81
Resources
16.82
16.83
Joint bodies of the ESAs
The Joint Committee of the ESAs
16.84
16.85
The Board of Appeal
16.86
16.87
Accountability
16.88
Impartiality
16.89
16.90
Confidentiality
16.91
Review
16.92
16.93
Concluding remarks
16.94
The ESRB
16.95
16.96
16.97
The ESAs
16.98
16.99
16.100
16.101
16.102
17 Regulation and Consolidation of European Markets and Exchanges
Preliminary Material
Introduction
17.01
The Integration of European Financial Markets
Free movement of capital
17.02
17.03
17.04
17.05
17.06
17.07
17.08
The Euro
17.09
Harmonization concepts
Mutual recognition and minimum harmonization
17.10
Deep harmonization
17.11
The Financial Services Action Plan
17.12
The Lamfalussy Process
17.13
Exchanges as the Traditional Marketplaces in EU Member States
17.14
17.15
17.16
17.17
17.18
17.19
17.20
17.21
17.22
17.23
Regulation of the Trading Sector of Securities Markets: EU Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) and EU Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (MiFIR)
Historical development
17.24
17.25
17.26
Content of MiFID II and MiFIR
General remarks
17.27
17.28
17.29
17.30
17.31
Organizational duties
17.32
17.33
17.34
17.35
17.36
Further provisions related to outsourcing
17.37
Rules of conduct
17.38
Client categorization
17.39
17.40
Suitability and appropriateness test
17.41
Information and reporting obligations
17.42
Donations
17.43
17.44
Best execution
17.45
17.46
Compensation and valuation models
17.47
Securities trading
Categories of trading venues
17.48
17.49
17.50
17.51
17.52
Organization and operation of trading venues and SI
17.53
Transparency
17.54
Access
17.55
Trading obligation
17.56
17.57
Commodity derivatives
17.58
Algorithmic trading
17.59
Supervision
17.60
Implementing acts
17.61
Impact on third countries
General remarks
17.62
17.63
The third country regime
17.64
17.65
17.66
17.67
17.68
The equivalence requirement and its significance for third countries, taking Switzerland as an example
17.69
17.70
17.71
17.72
17.73
17.74
Further EU Legal Acts Regulating the Trade Sector of Securities Markets
The Consolidated Admissions and Reporting Directive (CARD)
17.75
17.76
17.77
The Prospectus Regulation
General remarks
17.78
Prospectus requirement
17.79
17.80
Structure and content of the prospectus
17.81
17.82
17.83
17.84
17.85
17.86
Types of prospectuses
17.87
17.88
Approval, validity and publication of the prospectus
17.89
17.90
17.91
17.92
EU passport
17.93
Liability
17.94
Sanctions
17.95
Third countries
17.96
17.97
The Transparency Directive (TD)
Issuer publications
17.98
17.99
17.100
Minimum harmonization
17.101
Third-country issuers
17.102
The Market Abuse Regulation (MAR) and the Directive on criminal sanctions for market abuse (CRIM-MAD)
17.103
17.104
The PRIIP-Regulation (Packaged Retail and Insurance-based Investment Products)
17.105
The Securitization Regulation
17.106
17.107
17.108
Covered Bonds Directive
17.109
17.110
17.111
Short-Selling Regulation (SSR)
17.112
17.113
17.114
The Takeover Bids Directive
17.115
17.116
Regulation of the Post-Trading Sector of Securities Markets
General remarks
17.117
The Settlement Finality Directive (SFD)
17.118
The Financial Collateral Arrangements Directive
17.119
The Giovannini Barriers
17.120
17.121
17.122
MiFID II
17.123
The CSD Regulation
17.124
The European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR)
17.125
Regulation of the Market for Payments
17.126
Consolidation of Exchanges and Financial Markets
The rationale of exchange consolidation
17.127
17.128
17.129
17.130
17.131
17.132
17.133
When consolidation works and when it doesn’t
17.134
17.135
17.136
17.137
Conclusion
17.138
17.139
17.140
17.141
17.142
Part VII International Securities, Including Markets and Clearing Systems
18 The Architecture of International Financial Regulation
Preliminary Material
Introduction
18.01
International financial architecture
18.02
18.03
18.04
18.05
International financial regulation
18.06
18.07
18.08
Overview: the evolving international financial architecture
The post-war Bretton Woods arrangements
18.09
18.10
The post-Bretton Woods system
18.11
18.12
Group of Ten (G 10)
18.13
The Group of Seven (G7)
18.14
18.15
Emergence of standard-setting bodies
18.16
18.17
18.18
The Asian crisis and the Financial Stability Forum
18.19
18.20
18.21
The Group of Twenty (G20)
18.22
18.23
18.24
The Financial Stability Board and the G20 process
18.25
18.26
18.27
18.28
18.29
18.30
18.31
The FSB
Mandate
18.32
Membership
18.33
18.34
18.35
18.36
Regional consultative groups
18.37
Organizational structure and governance
18.38
18.39
18.40
18.41
Legal nature
18.42
18.43
FSB activities
18.44
18.45
Making financial institutions more resilient
18.46
18.47
18.48
18.49
Ending the problem of financial institutions being too-big-to-fail (TBTF)
18.50
18.51
18.52
Making over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets safer
18.53
18.54
Non-bank financial intermediation
18.55
18.56
Emerging vulnerabilities affecting the global financial system
18.57
18.58
18.59
Cooperation to maintain financial stability during market stress related to COVID-19
18.60
International standards and standard-setting bodies
18.61
The nature of international standards
18.62
Key standards
18.63
18.64
18.65
Standard-setters and other international bodies
18.66
19 International Settlement
Preliminary Material
General
19.01
19.02
19.03
Clearstream
Introduction/history
19.04
19.05
Constitution and regulation
19.06
19.07
19.08
19.09
19.10
19.11
Operation
Participation
19.12
19.13
19.14
Core settlement procedure
19.15
19.16
19.17
Taking security
19.18
19.19
Other issues
19.20
19.21
19.22
19.23
19.24
19.25
19.26
19.27
19.28
Euroclear
Introduction/history
19.29
19.30
19.31
Constitution and regulation
19.32
19.33
19.34
19.35
19.36
19.37
Operation
Participation
19.38
19.39
19.40
19.41
19.42
Core settlement procedure
19.43
19.44
Taking security
19.45
Other system facilities
19.46
19.47
19.48
19.49
19.50
19.51
19.52
19.53
19.54
19.55
CSDR
Main purpose
19.56
Terminology
19.57
19.58
19.59
19.60
Authorization of EU CSDs
19.61
Non-EU CSDs
19.62
CSD obligations
19.63
19.64
19.65
19.66
Related international settlement issues
Location of securities
19.67
The Financial Collateral Directive
19.68
19.69
19.70
The Hague Securities Convention
19.71
19.72
19.73
19.74
19.75
UNIDROIT
19.76
19.77
19.78
19.79
19.80
The Securities Law Directive
19.81
19.82
19.83
Clearing and settlement recommendations and standards
CPMI–IOSCO
19.84
19.85
19.86
19.87
19.88
19.89
19.90
ECB–CESR
19.91
19.92
19.93
19.94
19.95
19.96
19.97
19.98
19.99
19.100
European Code of Conduct for Clearing and Settlement
19.101
19.102
MiFID
19.103
19.104
19.105
The Settlement Finality Directive
19.106
19.107
19.108
20 Global Custody
Preliminary Material
Custody
20.01
Securities
20.02
20.03
20.04
20.05
Cash
20.06
Global custody
20.07
20.08
The nature of the custody client’s asset
20.09
Custody services
20.10
20.11
20.12
20.13
20.14
20.15
Regulatory framework
20.16
20.17
MiFID
20.18
20.19
20.20
20.21
20.22
The MiFID Implementing Directive and MiFID Regulation
General
20.23
20.24
Holding client assets with third parties
20.25
20.26
20.27
20.28
20.29
Use of client assets
20.30
20.31
20.32
20.33
20.34
Disclosure obligations
20.35
20.36
20.37
Other issues
20.38
20.39
20.40
Custody as a core service
20.41
20.42
20.43
Exemptions
20.44
20.45
20.46
Title transfer
20.47
20.48
The Financial Collateral Directive
20.49
20.50
20.51
20.52
The proposed Securities Law Directive
20.53
Account provider
20.54
20.55
20.56
20.57
‘Account-held securities’
20.58
Additional custodian obligations
20.59
20.60
Liability for loss
20.61
20.62
20.63
20.64
20.65
20.66
20.67
Cross-border issues
20.68
20.69
20.70
Useful principles
20.71
Current Status
20.72
20.73
20.74
20.75
CSDR
Book-entry requirements
20.76
Settlement internalizer
20.77
Settlement discipline
20.78
SRD2
Intermediaries
20.79
20.80
Terminology
20.81
20.82
Relevant requirements
20.83
AMLD5
20.84
20.85
20.86
21 Credit Rating Agencies
Preliminary Material
Introduction
21.01
21.02
21.03
History/development
Origins
21.04
The 1970s: movement to the ‘issuer pays’ model and certification
21.05
21.06
21.07
The 1990s: structured finance transactions
21.08
21.09
Market dominance and other agencies in the industry
21.10
21.11
21.12
The role and function of the CRA
Definition of a ‘credit rating agency’
21.13
21.14
21.15
The economic role of the credit rating
21.16
21.17
21.18
21.19
The interpretation of credit ratings
21.20
Users of credit ratings
Use of ratings by issuers
21.21
21.22
21.23
Use of ratings by investors
21.24
Use of ratings by other market participants
21.25
Sovereign credit ratings
21.26
Use of ratings by regulators
21.27
The CRA industry
Scope of the credit rating market
21.28
21.29
21.30
Types of credit rating
21.31
The ratings scales
The credit rating scales of the ‘Big Three’
21.32
21.33
21.34
21.35
21.36
Rating differences, multiple ratings, split ratings, unsolicited ratings, and ‘notching’
21.37
21.38
21.39
Market-implied ratings
21.40
21.41
The ratings process
21.42
21.43
The rating preparation
21.44
21.45
21.46
The rating committee
21.47
21.48
21.49
Surveillance
21.50
21.51
Additional services
21.52
Rating process in the structured finance market
21.53
21.54
21.55
Rating process for sovereign credit ratings
21.56
Rating analysis
21.57
21.58
21.59
21.60
Ratings-based regulations
21.61
21.62
21.63
The use of credit ratings in US legislation
21.64
21.65
21.66
21.67
The use of credit ratings in European law
Capital requirements and asset classification
21.68
21.69
21.70
21.71
21.72
Mapping
21.73
Insurance regulation
21.74
Other regulatory references to credit ratings
21.75
Recognition regime for CRAs
21.76
Recognition of NRSROs
21.77
21.78
External credit assessment institutions
21.79
21.80
21.81
The European Rating Platform (ERP)
21.82
International market guidance and standards for CRAs
Overview of the regulation of CRAs
21.83
21.84
IOSCO’s Statement of Principles and Code of Conduct Fundamentals
Historical background
21.85
21.86
21.87
21.88
21.89
IOSCO Code
21.90
21.91
21.92
21.93
21.94
Guidance on reducing reliance on CRAs in asset management
21.95
Other CRA products
21.96
Regulation of CRAs in the US
Dodd-Frank and the OCR
21.97
SEC Investigations and proceedings against CRAs
21.98
21.99
Regulation of CRAs in the EU
The EU CRA Regulation
21.100
21.101
Application and definitions
21.102
Use of credit ratings and registration
21.103
21.104
21.105
Independence, conflicts of interest, rating analysts, and employees
21.106
21.107
Methodologies, outsourcing, and disclosures
21.108
21.109
Supervisory powers of ESMA
21.110
21.111
21.112
The UK Credit Rating Agencies Regulations 2010
21.113
21.114
Brexit
21.115
21.116
21.117
21.118
Controversy and problems identified with the CRAs
The CRAs’ role in the global financial crisis
21.119
Lack of accurate credit ratings in the structured finance market
21.120
21.121
‘Hard-wiring’ of ratings in the markets
21.122
Conflicts of interest and corporate governance
21.123
21.124
The sovereign debt crisis
21.125
Reforming regulation of the CRAs
Addressing over-reliance on ratings
21.126
21.127
Reducing reference to ratings in US legislation
21.128
Amendments to the EU CRA Regulation
21.129
Structured finance reform
21.130
21.131
21.132
Sovereign credit ratings
21.133
21.134
21.135
21.136
21.137
The
21.138
CRA liability for ratings
The United States (US)
21.139
21.140
21.141
21.142
21.143
Australia
21.144
21.145
21.146
21.147
21.148
The European Union (EU)
21.149
21.150
21.151
21.152
21.153
The United Kingdom (UK)
Contractual liability
21.154
21.155
Negligence and misrepresentation
21.156
21.157
21.158
21.159
Contractual estoppel and disclaimers
21.160
21.161
The Credit Rating Agencies (Civil Liability) Regulations 2013
21.162
21.163
21.164
21.165
Brexit
21.166
Conclusion
21.167
21.168
21.169
22 US Equity Market Structure
Preliminary Material
Introduction
22.01
22.02
Overview of significant laws governing US equity markets
22.03
22.04
22.05
Extraterritorial application of the US securities laws
22.06
US financial system regulators
Overview of the Securities and Exchange Commission
22.07
Oversight
22.08
Structure
22.09
Division of Trading and Markets
22.10
Office of Compliance, Inspections, and Examinations
22.11
Division of Enforcement
22.12
22.13
22.14
Rulemaking, interpretations, and concept releases
22.15
SEC staff guidance
22.16
Other US financial system regulators
The Federal Reserve Board and other banking regulators
22.17
The Financial Stability Oversight Council
22.18
22.19
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission
22.20
State regulators
22.21
Regulated equity market participants
22.22
22.23
FINRA: oversight of broker-dealers
22.24
22.25
22.26
Major exchanges
22.27
22.28
22.29
Depository and clearing organizations
22.30
Broker-dealers
Registration
22.31
22.32
22.33
Rule 15a-6 and non-US broker-dealers
22.34
Regulation of US broker-dealers
22.35
22.36
22.37
22.38
22.39
22.40
22.41
Alternative trading systems
22.42
22.43
22.44
Other regulated entities
22.45
The US equity market structure
The national market system
22.46
Linkages, market data, and transparency
22.47
22.48
Regulation NMS
22.49
22.50
22.51
The Quote, Display, and Order Protection Rules (Rules 602, 604, and 611)
22.52
22.53
The Fair Market Access Rule (Rule 610)
22.54
22.55
The Market Data Rules (Rules 600, 601, and 603)
22.56
22.57
Non-NMS markets
22.58
The Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board (OTC BB)
22.59
The ‘Rule 144A market’
22.60
Current market structure policy issues
22.61
High-frequency trading
22.62
22.63
The Direct Market Access Rule (Rule 15c3–5)
22.64
22.65
Transparency: ‘dark pools’
22.66
‘Flash orders’, or indications of interest
22.67
22.68
Volatility: the ‘Flash Crash’
22.69
Self-regulatory organization circuit breakers
22.70
22.71
Security-based swaps
22.72
Regulation of trading
22.73
Soft dollars
22.74
22.75
Short-selling regulation
Overview
22.76
Settlement fails and buy-ins
22.77
22.78
The new ‘tick test’
22.79
Regulation M and short sales prior to public offerings
22.80
22.81
Large trader reporting and the consolidated audit trail (CAT)
22.82
22.83
22.84
Clearance and settlement
22.85
22.86
22.87
23 Hong Kong Markets and Exchanges
Preliminary Material
Introduction
23.01
Background
23.02
Linked exchange rate
23.03
23.04
Banking and foreign exchange
23.05
23.06
Equity
23.07
Debt
23.08
23.09
23.10
23.11
23.12
Insurance
23.13
23.14
Derivatives
23.15
23.16
23.17
Hong Kong as Asia’s financial centre
23.18
23.19
23.20
23.21
23.22
23.23
Financial law and regulation
23.24
Economic, governance, and legal system
23.25
The Basic Law and common law
23.26
23.27
23.28
23.29
23.30
23.31
23.32
The constitutional framework of financial markets
23.33
23.34
Company law and corporate governance
23.35
23.36
23.37
23.38
23.39
Property, collateral, and taxation
23.40
23.41
Insolvency
23.42
23.43
23.44
23.45
Financial information
23.46
23.47
Market integrity
23.48
23.49
Taxation
23.50
Financial regulatory framework
23.51
23.52
23.53
23.54
Central banking, banking, and the HKMA and HKAB
23.55
23.56
Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA)
23.57
23.58
Central banking and the Exchange Fund
23.59
23.60
Banking regulation and supervision
23.61
23.62
23.63
23.64
23.65
Legal framework for banking business
23.66
23.67
The Banking Ordinance
23.68
23.69
Financial infrastructure development
23.70
23.71
23.72
Securities, the SFC, and HKEx
23.73
23.74
23.75
Three-tier system of securities regulation
23.76
23.77
23.78
Hong Kong government
23.79
SFC
23.80
23.81
HKEx
23.82
23.83
23.84
23.85
23.86
The Securities and Futures Ordinance
23.87
23.88
The Listing Rules
23.89
23.90
Insurance
23.91
Insurance Authority
23.92
23.93
23.94
23.95
The Insurance Complaints Bureau
23.96
Insurance advisory committees
23.97
The Insurance Companies Ordinance
23.98
23.99
The Hong Kong Federation of Insurers
23.100
23.101
Pensions
23.102
The Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority
23.103
The Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance
23.104
23.105
Asset and wealth management
23.106
23.107
23.108
23.109
Conclusion
23.110
24 Islamic Capital Markets
Preliminary Material
Introduction
24.01
24.02
24.03
24.04
Principles of modern Islamic finance
24.05
24.06
24.07
24.08
24.09
24.10
24.11
24.12
24.13
24.14
24.15
Shari’ah governance and standards
24.16
24.17
24.18
24.19
24.20
24.21
24.22
24.23
24.24
24.25
Islamic capital markets
24.26
Islamic equities
24.27
24.28
24.29
24.30
24.31
Islamic collective investment schemes (ICIS)
24.32
24.33
24.34
24.35
24.36
24.37
24.38
24.39
24.40
Sukuk
24.41
24.42
24.43
24.44
24.45
24.46
24.47
24.48
24.49
24.50
24.51
24.52
24.53
24.54
24.55
24.56
Trading
24.57
24.58
24.59
24.60
Regulation of Islamic capital markets
24.61
24.62
Regulation of Shari’ah compliance
24.63
24.64
Regulation of Islamic equities
24.65
Regulation of ICIS
24.66
24.67
24.68
Regulation of sukuk
24.69
24.70
24.71
24.72
24.73
Legal issues
24.74
The approach to Shari’ah compliance
24.75
24.76
24.77
24.78
24.79
24.80
24.81
24.82
24.83
24.84
24.85
24.86
24.87
24.88
24.89
Representations and suitability
24.90
24.91
24.92
Shari’ah-compliant equities
24.93
Islamic collective investment schemes
24.94
24.95
24.96
24.97
24.98
24.99
24.100
Sukuk
24.101
24.102
24.103
24.104
24.105
24.106
Rights to assets
24.107
24.108
24.109
24.110
24.111
24.112
24.113
24.114
24.115
The problems of complexity
24.116
24.117
24.118
24.119
24.120
24.121
24.122
Dana Gas
24.123
24.124
24.125
24.126
24.127
24.128
24.129
24.130
24.131
24.132
24.133
24.134
24.135
24.136
24.137
Conclusion
24.138
Further Material
Index
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Part VII International Securities, Including Markets and Clearing Systems, 23 Hong Kong Markets and Exchanges
Douglas W Arner, Evan C Gibson, Berry F C Hsu
From:
Financial Markets and Exchanges Law (3rd Edition)
Edited By: Michael Blair, George Walker, Stuart Willey
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Financial Law [FBL]
Published in print:
25 March 2021
ISBN:
9780198827528
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