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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Table of Contents—Summary
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
United Kingdom
European Union
United States
Germany
Netherlands
Belgium
Other International Cases by Jurisdiction
Australia
Table of Legislation
Table of Statutes (UK)
Table of Statutory Instruments (UK)
Table of US Legislation
Statutes
US Code
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
State Legislation
Louisiana
New York
Table of Other National Legislation
Germany
Netherlands
Belgium
Spain
European Directives
European Regulations
International Instruments
Notes on Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Main Text
1 Introduction
Preliminary Material
1.1 Preface
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.2 Credit, Security, and Collateral
1.2.1 Finance, Credit, Security, and some History
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.2.2 Financial Collateral Transactions
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.3 Set-Up and Methodology
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
2 Financial Collateral, How It Is Held and Transferred
Preliminary Material
2.1 Introduction
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.2 Securities
2.2.1 Introduction
2.05
2.06
2.2.1.1 Intermediation, Immobilization, and Dematerialization
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.2.1.2 Post-trade Process and Central Securities Depositories
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.2.1.3 Securities Transfer in a Collateral Transaction
2.16
2.17
2.2.1.4 Indirect Holding Structures in International Practice
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.2.1.5 Segregation as a Policy Goal
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.2.1.6 Private Law Segregation
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.2.2 European Union and United Kingdom
2.2.2.1 Regulatory Law
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.2.2.2 Segregation
2.2.2.2.1 United Kingdom
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.2.2.2.2 Germany
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.2.2.2.3 The Netherlands
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.2.2.3 Securities Transfer
2.2.2.3.1 Introduction
2.84
2.2.2.3.2 United Kingdom
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.2.2.3.3 Germany
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.2.2.3.4 The Netherlands
2.97
2.98
2.99
2.100
2.2.2.4 Creation of Security Interest
2.2.2.4.1 Introduction
2.101
2.2.2.4.2 United Kingdom
2.102
2.103
2.104
2.105
2.2.2.4.3 Germany
2.106
2.107
2.108
2.109
2.2.2.4.4 The Netherlands
2.110
2.111
2.112
2.113
2.114
2.115
2.2.3 United States
2.2.3.1 Introduction
2.116
2.117
2.118
2.119
2.120
2.121
2.122
2.2.3.2 A Legal Construct for Dematerialization
2.123
2.124
2.2.3.3 Development and Adoption of Articles 8 and 9 UCC
2.125
2.126
2.127
2.2.3.4 Article 8 UCC
2.128
2.129
2.130
2.131
2.132
2.133
2.134
2.135
2.136
2.137
2.138
2.139
2.140
2.141
2.142
2.143
2.144
2.145
2.146
2.147
2.148
2.149
2.150
2.151
2.152
2.153
2.154
2.155
2.156
2.157
2.158
2.159
2.160
2.161
2.162
2.2.3.5 Article 9 UCC
2.163
2.164
2.165
2.166
2.167
2.168
2.169
2.170
2.3 Cash and Credit Claims
2.3.1 Introduction
2.171
2.172
2.173
2.174
2.3.2 Cash
2.3.2.1 European Union and United Kingdom
2.175
2.176
2.177
2.178
2.179
2.180
2.3.2.1.1 Cash Segregation
2.181
2.182
2.183
2.184
2.3.2.1.2 Cash Transfer in EU Regulatory and Private Law
2.185
2.186
2.3.2.2 United States
2.187
2.188
2.189
2.190
2.3.3 Credit Claims
2.3.3.1 Introduction
2.191
2.192
2.193
2.3.3.2 European Union
2.194
2.3.3.3 United States
2.195
2.196
2.197
2.198
2.199
2.200
2.3.3.3.1 Loans as Financial Collateral
2.201
2.202
2.203
2.204
2.205
2.206
2.207
2.208
2.3.3.3.2 Loan Funds and Custodians
2.209
2.210
2.211
2.212
2.213
2.214
2.215
3 Financial Collateral Transactions and their Standardization
Preliminary Material
3.1 Introduction
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.2 Parties
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.3 Repos
3.3.1 Structure of GMRA
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.3.2 Modus Operandi of a Repo
3.3.2.1 What Is a Repo?
3.13
3.14
3.3.2.2 Rationale for Entering into a Repo
3.15
3.3.2.2.1 Seller’s Perspective
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.3.2.2.2 Buyer’s Perspective
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.3.2.3 Types of Repo
3.25
3.3.2.3.1 Reverse Repo
3.26
3.3.2.3.2 Tri-Party Repo
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.3.2.3.3 Equity Repo
3.31
3.3.2.3.4 General Collateral Repo
3.32
3.3.2.3.5 Special Repo
3.33
3.3.2.3.6 Cross-Currency Repo
3.34
3.3.2.3.7 Buy/Sellback
3.35
3.36
3.3.3 Interaction between the GMRA and Market Practice
3.3.3.1 Maturity
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.3.3.2 Financial Collateral
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.3.3.3 The Significance of the Repo Rate
3.43
3.3.3.4 Margin
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.3.3.5 Event of Default
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.3.3.6 Property Functions of a Repo
3.61
3.62
3.3.4 European Union v. United States and Lehman Brothers
3.63
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.4 Securities Lending
3.4.1 Structure of GMSLA
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.4.2 Modus Operandi of Securities Lending
3.4.2.1 What Is Securities Lending?
3.78
3.79
3.80
3.4.2.2 Maturity
3.81
3.4.2.3 Fees, Interest, and Rebates
3.82
3.83
3.4.2.4 Financial Collateral
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.4.2.5 Margin
3.87
3.88
3.4.2.6 Property Aspects of Securities Lending
3.89
3.90
3.4.2.7 Event of Default
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.4.2.8 The Significance of Intermediaries
3.94
3.95
3.96
3.97
3.98
3.99
3.4.2.9 Rationale for Securities Lending
3.4.2.9.1 The Borrower’s Perspective
3.100
3.101
3.102
3.4.2.9.2 Lender’s Perspective
3.103
3.4.3 Differences between Repo and Securities Lending?
3.104
3.4.3.1 Scope of Collateral
3.105
3.4.3.2 Right of Recall
3.106
3.4.3.3 Type of Securities
3.107
3.4.3.4 Payment and Income
3.108
3.4.3.5 Maturity
3.109
3.5 Derivatives
3.5.1 Evolution of the ISDA CSAs
3.5.1.1 Introduction
3.110
3.111
3.112
3.5.1.2 2009 G20 Pittsburgh Summit
3.113
3.114
3.115
3.116
3.117
3.5.1.3 ISDA Credit Support Documentation
3.118
3.5.1.4 Structure of the CSA
3.119
3.5.1.5 Property Law Functions of the CSA
3.120
3.5.2 Modus Operandi of the Collateralization of Derivatives
3.5.2.1 What Is a Derivative?
3.121
3.122
3.123
3.124
3.125
3.126
3.127
3.128
3.5.2.2 Setting up a Collateralized Relationship
3.129
3.5.2.2.1 Eligible Collateral
3.130
3.5.2.2.2 Initial Margin
3.131
3.132
3.5.2.2.3 Variation Margin
3.133
3.134
3.135
3.5.2.2.4 Independent Amount
3.136
3.5.2.2.5 Minimum Transfer Amount
3.137
3.5.2.2.6 Haircut
3.138
3.5.2.2.7 Reuse of Collateral
3.139
3.5.2.2.8 Substitution of Collateral
3.140
3.5.2.2.9 Event of Default
3.141
3.5.2.2.10 Intermediaries and Valuation Agent
3.142
3.143
4 Private International Law
Preliminary Material
4.1 Introduction
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.2 European Union and United Kingdom
4.2.1 Introduction
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.2.2 Non-Insolvency
4.2.2.1 Jurisdiction
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.2.2.2 Applicable Law
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.2.2.2.1 Contractual Obligations
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.2.2.2.2 Property Law
4.44
4.45
4.46
4.2.2.2.3 Securities
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.2.2.2.4 Claims
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.2.2.3 Belgium
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.2.2.4 United Kingdom
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.2.2.5 Germany
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.2.2.6 The Netherlands
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.2.3 Insolvency
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.2.3.1 Jurisdiction and Applicable Law
4.2.3.1.1 EIR Recast
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
4.91
4.2.3.1.2 Finality Directive
4.92
4.93
4.94
4.95
4.2.3.1.3 Winding-up Directive
4.96
4.97
4.98
4.99
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
4.104
4.105
4.106
4.107
4.108
4.109
4.110
4.111
4.2.3.2 Belgium
4.112
4.2.3.3 United Kingdom
4.113
4.2.3.4 Germany
4.114
4.2.3.5 The Netherlands
4.115
4.3 United States
4.3.1 Introduction
4.116
4.3.2 Non-Insolvency
4.117
4.3.2.1 Jurisdiction
4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
4.122
4.123
4.124
4.125
4.126
4.127
4.128
4.129
4.3.2.2 Applicable Law
4.130
4.131
4.132
4.133
4.134
4.135
4.136
4.137
4.138
4.139
4.140
4.3.2.3 United States Adoption of the Hague Securities Convention
4.141
4.142
4.143
4.144
4.145
4.146
4.147
4.3.2.4 The UCC and the Hague Securities Convention: A Comparison
4.148
4.149
4.150
4.151
4.152
4.153
4.154
4.155
4.156
4.157
4.158
4.159
4.3.2.5 Consistency of the Hague Securities Convention with Articles 8 and 9 UCC
4.160
4.161
4.162
4.163
4.164
4.3.3 Insolvency
4.165
4.166
5 Formalities and Control
Preliminary Material
5.1 Introduction
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.2 European Union and United Kingdom
5.2.1 The Ban on Formal Requirements
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09
5.10
5.2.2 Implementation of the Ban
5.2.2.1 Different Approaches
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.2.2.1.1 United Kingdom
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.2.2.1.2 The Netherlands
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.2.2.2 Implementation of the Opt-out Provision with Respect to Credit Claims
5.23
5.24
5.2.2.3 A Harmonized European Regime?
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.2.3 The Possession or Control Requirement
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.2.4 Practical Relevance of the Possession or Control Requirement
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.2.5 Private Equity Insurance Group/Swedbank
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.2.6 Interpretation of the Possession or Control Requirement across the EU
5.2.6.1 Introduction
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.2.6.2 Dutch Law and the ‘Strict’ Approach
5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.2.6.3 Belgian Law and the ‘Broad’ Approach
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74
5.75
5.76
5.77
5.2.6.4 UK Law
5.78
5.79
5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
5.87
5.88
5.89
5.90
5.91
5.92
5.2.7 Interim Conclusion
5.93
5.94
5.95
5.3 United States
5.3.1 Introduction
5.96
5.97
5.98
5.99
5.100
5.101
5.3.2 Perfection
5.102
5.103
5.104
5.105
5.106
5.107
5.3.3 Perfection through Automatic Attachment
5.108
5.109
5.110
6 Security Interest and Right of Use
Preliminary Material
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 General
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.1.2 Benefits and Risks of the Right of Use
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.1.3 The Origins of the Right of Use
6.1.3.1 Prime Brokerage Agreements
6.19
6.20
6.1.3.2 ISDA Credit Support Documents
6.21
6.22
6.2 European Union
6.2.1 Before the Collateral Directive
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.2.2 The Collateral Directive’s Right of Use
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.2.3 Implementation of the Right of Use
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.2.4 SFTR and MiFID II
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.41
6.2.5 The Collateral Provider’s Position
6.42
6.43
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.3 United Kingdom
6.3.1 Introduction
6.49
6.50
6.51
6.3.2 Lehman Brothers
6.52
6.53
6.54
6.55
6.56
6.3.3 A ‘Clog’ on the Equity of Redemption?
6.57
6.3.4 Security Financial Collateral and the FCAR
6.58
6.59
6.60
6.61
6.62
6.3.5 Regulatory Response
6.63
6.64
6.4 United States
6.4.1 Introduction
6.65
6.66
6.67
6.4.2 Rehypothecation Rights under Article 9 UCC
6.68
6.69
6.70
6.71
6.72
7 Title Transfer and Recharacterization
Preliminary Material
7.1 Introduction
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.2 European Union
7.2.1 Types of Title Transfer Collateral Transactions
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.2.2 Risks Associated with Title Transfers
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.2.3 Recharacterization Risk: Common Law Perspective
7.2.3.1 Introduction
7.16
7.17
7.2.3.2 Recharacterization: External and Internal Routes
7.18
7.2.3.3 External Route: Sham Transactions
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.2.3.4 Internal Route: The Substance of the Transaction
7.22
7.2.3.4.1 Labels
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.2.3.4.2 Substance
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.2.3.4.3 Interpretation
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.2.3.4.4 Indicia of Security
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
7.2.3.4.5 Examples of the Application of the Indicia of Security
7.40
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.2.3.4.6 Absence of Equity of Redemption
7.48
7.49
7.50
7.2.4 Recharacterization Risk: Civil Law Perspective
7.51
7.52
7.53
7.54
7.55
7.2.5 Article 6 Collateral Directive and its Implementation
7.56
7.57
7.58
7.59
7.60
7.3 United States
7.3.1 Introduction
7.61
7.62
7.3.2 Broker-Dealer Rehypothecation
7.63
7.64
7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.69
7.70
7.71
7.72
7.3.3 Recharacterization Risk
7.73
7.74
7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.79
7.80
7.81
7.3.4 Insolvency Law
7.82
7.83
7.84
7.85
7.86
8 Close-Out Netting and Safe Harbours
Preliminary Material
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 General
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.1.2 Benefits and Risks of Close-Out Netting
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.10
8.11
8.2 European Union: Safe Harbours
8.2.1 Disapplication of Insolvency Provisions
8.12
8.2.2 Implementation of Article 8 Collateral Directive: Netherlands, Belgium
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.2.3 Implementation of Article 8 Collateral Directive: United Kingdom
8.2.3.1 UK Insolvency Law
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.2.3.2 Disapplication of UK Insolvency Law
8.23
8.24
8.3 European Union: Close-Out Netting
8.3.1 Safe Harbour for Close-Out Netting
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.3.2 Implementation of Article 7 Collateral Directive: Netherlands, Germany, Belgium
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.3.3 Implementation of Article 7 Collateral Directive: United Kingdom
8.35
8.36
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.4 Close-Out Netting and Bank Resolution
8.4.1 Global Financial Crisis and FSB Principles
8.44
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49
8.4.2 Close-Out Netting and Bank Resolution: European Union
8.4.2.1 BRRD and SRMR
8.50
8.51
8.4.2.2 Resolution Tools and Partial Transfers
8.52
8.53
8.54
8.55
8.56
8.57
8.58
8.4.2.3 Prohibition of Ipso Facto Clauses
8.59
8.60
8.61
8.62
8.63
8.64
8.4.2.4 Temporary Disapplication of Contractual Rights: Moratorium
8.65
8.66
8.67
8.68
8.69
8.70
8.5 United States: Safe Harbours
8.5.1 Key Enforcement Rights
8.71
8.72
8.73
8.74
8.75
8.76
8.77
8.5.2 Relevant Insolvency Regimes
8.78
8.79
8.80
8.81
8.82
8.83
8.84
8.85
8.86
8.5.3 Set-Off in Insolvency
8.87
8.88
8.89
8.90
8.91
8.92
8.93
8.94
9 Post-Crisis Regulatory Responses
Preliminary Material
9.1 Introduction
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.2 EU and US Regulatory Responses to Derivatives
9.2.1 Global Reform Agenda
9.06
9.07
9.08
9.09
9.10
9.2.2 EMIR
9.2.2.1 Introduction
9.11
9.12
9.2.2.2 The Obligation to Exchange Initial Margin and Variation Margin
9.13
9.14
9.2.2.3 Eligible Collateral
9.15
9.16
9.2.2.4 Timing of the Collateral Exchange
9.17
9.18
9.2.2.5 Initial Margin Segregation
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.2.2.6 Phase-in of Margin Requirements
9.23
9.2.2.7 Exemptions
9.24
9.2.3 Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act
9.2.3.1 Introduction
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29
9.2.3.2 Instruments Subject to the Authority of the CFTC and SEC
9.30
9.31
9.32
9.2.3.3 Clearing Requirements
9.33
9.34
9.35
9.2.3.4 Margin Requirements for Uncleared Swaps
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
9.40
9.41
9.42
9.2.3.5 Timing of the Collateral Exchange
9.43
9.44
9.2.3.6 Exemptions
9.45
9.46
9.47
9.3 EU Regulatory Responses to Rehypothecation
9.3.1 Introduction
9.48
9.49
9.3.2 MiFID II
9.3.2.1 Introduction
9.50
9.51
9.3.2.2 Investor Protection
9.52
9.53
9.54
9.3.2.3 Scope of the Prohibition to Enter into FCAs
9.55
9.56
9.57
9.3.2.4 Consequences of a Breach of the Prohibition
9.58
9.59
9.3.2.5 MiFID II v. EMIR
9.60
9.61
9.3.3 SFTR
9.62
9.63
9.4 US Regulatory Responses to Rehypothecation
9.4.1 Introduction
9.64
9.65
9.66
9.67
9.68
9.4.2 Net Capital Rule
9.69
9.70
9.71
9.72
9.4.3 The Customer Protection Rule
9.73
9.74
9.75
9.76
9.77
9.78
9.79
9.80
9.4.4 Other Regulatory Provisions that Support Customer Asset Protection
9.81
9.82
9.83
9.84
9.85
9.86
9.4.5 The Securities Investor Protection Act
9.87
9.4.6 Commodities Brokers
9.88
9.89
9.90
9.91
9.92
9.4.7 Commercial Banks
9.93
9.94
9.95
9.96
9.5 EU and US Regulatory Responses to Investment Funds
9.5.1 AIFMD/UCITS
9.97
9.98
9.99
9.100
9.101
9.102
9.103
9.104
9.105
9.106
9.107
9.108
9.5.2 Discontinuity between EU and US Law and Practice
9.109
9.110
9.111
9.112
9.113
9.114
9.115
9.116
9.117
9.118
9.119
9.120
9.121
9.122
9.123
10 Conclusions
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
10.08
10.09
10.10
10.11
10.12
Further Material
Index
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Table of Legislation
Edited By: Matthias Haentjens
From:
Financial Collateral: Law and Practice
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Financial Law [FBL]
Published in print:
12 November 2020
ISBN:
9780198816935
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