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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Contents Summary
Contents
Table of Legislation
Conventions and Treaties
OECD Publications
UN Publications
Australia
Belgium
Canada
France
Germany
India
Netherlands
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States
Main Text
Introduction
Preliminary Material
I.01
I.02
I.03
I.04
A The ALP
I.05
I.06
I.07
I.08
B Evaluating the ALP
I.09
I.10
I.11
I.12
C The Structure of the Book
I.13
I.14
I.15
I.16
I.17
I.18
1 The Emergence of the ALP
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
B Developing the Founding Principles of International Taxation
1.07
1.08
1 The Increase of International Trading Volumes
1.09
1.10
2 Sharp Rise in Tax Rates and the Cost of Double Taxation
1.11
1.12
3 The Rise and Engagement of International Organizations
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
4 ICC Concerns on Double Taxation
1.18
1.19
1.20
C Early Work of the ICC on Income Allocation
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
D Revised ICC Proposals of 1924 on Double Taxation
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
E The First Involvement of the League of Nations
1 The 1923 Report of the Four Economists
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
2 The 1925 Technical Experts Report
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
3 The 1927 Report of the Expanded Committee of Technical Experts on Double Taxation and Tax Evasion
1.43
1.44
(a) Impersonal Taxes
1.45
1.46
1.47
(b) Personal Taxes
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
4 The 1928 General Meeting of Government Experts on Double Taxation and Tax Evasion
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
F Early Work of the League of Nations Fiscal Committee 1929–33
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
G Detailed Work on the Allocation of Profits, 1930–3
1 Introduction
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
2 First Principles
1.74
1.75
3 Conclusions on Subsidiaries
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
4 Conclusions on Branches
1.83
1.84
5 Sector Analysis—Business Income
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
6 Significance of the 1930–3 Work
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
H The 1933 Draft Model Convention on the Allocation of Profits
1.93
1.94
1 Branches
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
1.100
1.101
1.102
2 Companies
1.103
1.104
1.105
1.106
1.107
1.108
1.109
I The London and Mexico Model Tax Treaties
1.110
1.111
1.112
1.113
1.114
1.115
1.116
J The ALP Emergent
1.117
1.118
1.119
1.120
1.121
1.122
2 The Development of the ALP
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
B Establishing the Primacy of the ALP
2.06
1 Judicial Confirmation of the ALP as the Exclusive Income Allocation Standard
2.07
2.08
2.09
2 Cases on the Treatment of Capital
2.10
2.11
2.12
3 OECD 1963 Draft Model Treaty
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
4 The 1968 US Regulations
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
C Elaborating the ALP
2.29
1 OECD 1977 Model Treaty
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2 The 1979 OECD Report on Transfer Pricing and Multinational Enterprises
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
3 The 1979 Publication of the United Nations Model Double Treaty
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
4 The 1984 OECD Report on Three Transfer Pricing Issues
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
5 The 1987 OECD Report on Thin Capitalization
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
D Confronting the Problems of the ALP
2.59
1 US Judicial and Legislative Developments Related to Economic Analysis and Intangibles
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2 The Commensurate with Income Standard and Developments Leading to the 1994 US Regulations
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
3 The 1995 Transfer Pricing Guidelines
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
E Proliferation of Transfer Pricing Regimes
1 Country Developments
2.97
2.98
2.99
2 OECD Overhaul of Income Attribution to PEs
2.100
2.101
(a) The AOA
2.102
2.103
2.104
2.105
2.106
2.107
2.108
(b) Transfer Pricing–PE relationship
2.109
2.110
2.111
2.112
2.113
(c) Global Trading
2.114
2.115
2.116
3 The UN Practical Manual on Transfer Pricing for Developing Countries
2.117
2.118
2.119
2.120
4 The 2010 Update of the OECD Guidelines and the Addition of a Business Restructuring Paper
2.121
2.122
2.123
2.124
2.125
2.126
2.127
2.128
2.129
2.130
F The ALP Immediately Prior to BEPS
2.131
2.132
2.133
2.134
3 Practical Application of the Arm’s Length Principle
Preliminary Material
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
A Applying the Arm’s Length Principle
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
B Transactional Approach
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
C Comparability
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
D Functional Analysis
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
E Transfer Pricing Methods
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
F Intangibles and Cost Contribution Arrangements
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
G Services
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
H Transfer Pricing Documentation
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
I Attributing Profits to Permanent Establishments
3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
3.71
3.72
J Dispute Resolution
3.73
4 Practical and Theoretical Problems Encountered in Applying the Arm’s Length Principle
Preliminary Material
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
A Conceptual Problems Encountered in Applying Transfer Pricing Rules Based on the Arm’s Length Principle
4.06
1 Corporate Synergies
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
2 Allocating and Rewarding Risk in an MNE Group
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
3 Rewarding Contributions to Intangible Value
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4 Capital
4.34
B Important Practical Difficulties Encountered in Applying ALP-Based Transfer Pricing Rules
4.35
1 Access to Taxpayer Information
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
2 Availability of Information on Comparable Transactions and Comparable Business Operations
4.45
4.46
(a) Scarcity of Data on Comparable Transactions
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
(b) Availability and Reliability of TNMM Method Comparables
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
(c) Specific Comparability Issues Related to Intangibles
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
3 The Complexity of Applying the Arm’s Length Principle
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4 Discretion, Corruption, and Publicity
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
C Purpose and Scope of ALP-Based Transfer Pricing Rules
4.77
1 Treaty Interpretation Issues: The Purpose and Scope of ALP-Based Transfer Pricing Rules
4.78
4.79
4.80
2 Issues Related to the Scope of Article 9
4.81
4.82
4.83
(a) Uncertainty Relating to Interpretation by Reference to Domestic Law
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
(b) Status of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
(c) Clarity on Scope Issues in the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines
4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
4.99
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
4.104
(d) The Accommodation of Changing Interpretations of the ALP
4.105
4.106
4.107
5 Capital
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
B The Nature of the Capital Issues under Consideration
5.05
1 Gifted Capital
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09
5.10
5.11
5.12
2 Level and Mix of Capital
5.13
5.14
5.15
3 The Return to Capital
5.16
5.17
5.18
C Transfer Pricing Treatment of Capital Issues Prior to BEPS
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
D Relevance of the ALP to Capital Transfers
5.26
5.27
5.28
1 The Transfer of Capital—‘Gifted’ Capital
(a) Introduction
5.29
5.30
5.31
(b) Does the ALP Apply to Require Full Value Consideration for the Transfer of Capital?
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
(c) Application of the ALP Where Full Value Consideration Is Not at Issue
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
(i) The Technical Scope Argument
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
(ii) The OECD Recharacterization Provisions
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
2 Level and Mix of Capital
5.66
(a) Level of Capital
5.67
5.68
5.69
(b) Mix of Capital
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74
5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79
3 The Return to Capital
5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
5.87
5.88
5.89
5.90
5.91
5.92
E Treatment of Capital under Article 7
5.93
1 Gifted Capital—Cash Transfers in Respect of the Issue of Shares
5.94
2 Gifted Capital—Asset Transfer in Respect of the Issue of Shares
5.95
3 The Level of Capital
5.96
5.97
4 The Mix of Capital
5.98
5 Returns to Capital
5.99
6 Summary
5.100
5.101
F Capital Issues in the Run-up to BEPS
5.102
6 BEPS Modifications to Transfer Pricing Rules
Preliminary Material
6.01
A The BEPS Action Plan
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
B The Real Deal—Delineating and Disregarding Transactions
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
C Risk
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
D Excessive Capital/Returns to Capital
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.49
6.50
6.51
6.52
E Intangibles
6.53
6.54
6.55
1 Definitions
6.56
6.57
6.58
6.59
6.60
2 Corporate Synergies
6.61
6.62
3 Ownership and Entitlement to Profits Attributable to Intangibles
6.63
6.64
6.65
4 Valuation of Intangibles
6.66
6.67
6.68
5 Hard-to-Value Intangibles
6.69
6.70
6.71
6.72
6.73
6 Cost Contribution Arrangements
6.74
6.75
6.76
6.77
F Profit Splits, Global Value Chains, and Financial Transactions
6.78
G Transparency, Documentation, and Country-by-Country Reporting
6.79
6.80
6.81
6.82
6.83
6.84
6.85
6.86
H Other BEPS Work with Transfer Pricing Consequences
6.87
1 PE Issues
6.88
6.89
6.90
6.91
6.92
6.93
2 Interest Deductions—The Fixed Ratio Approach
6.94
6.95
6.96
6.97
6.98
6.99
I Transfer Pricing Problems Not Addressed in the BEPS Reports
6.100
6.101
6.102
7 Evaluation of BEPS Transfer Pricing Measures
Preliminary Material
7.01
7.02
A Alignment of Income and Value Creation
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
1 Risk and Control of Risk
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
2 Undercapitalization, Overcapitalization, and the Rewards to Funding Entities
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
7.40
7.41
7.42
3 Recognition, Delineation, and Disregard of Taxpayer Transactions
7.43
7.44
7.45
7.46
7.47
4 Ownership of Intangibles, Cost Contribution Agreements, and the Required Reward for Important Intangible-Related Functions
7.48
7.49
(a) Definitions
7.50
7.51
(b) Ownership and Rewards for Contributions to Intangible Value
7.52
7.53
7.54
7.55
7.56
7.57
7.58
(c) Valuation of Intangibles
7.59
7.60
7.61
(d) Hard-to-Value Intangibles
7.62
7.63
7.64
(e) Cost Contribution Arrangements
7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.69
B Complexity: The Cost of the Cure
7.70
7.71
7.72
7.73
7.74
7.75
7.76
7.77
C Addressing the Lack of Reliable Comparables
7.78
7.79
7.80
7.81
7.82
7.83
7.84
7.85
7.86
7.87
7.88
7.89
D Permanent Establishments, Interest Expense, and Transfer Pricing
7.90
1 PE Rules—Lowering of the Threshold
7.91
7.92
7.93
7.94
2 Interest Deductions—The Fixed Ratio Approach
7.95
7.96
7.97
7.98
7.99
E Administrative Matters
7.100
1 Reporting and Transparency
7.101
7.102
7.103
7.104
7.105
2 Resolving Transfer Pricing Disputes
7.106
7.107
7.108
F Unaddressed Issues
7.109
7.110
7.111
7.112
7.113
8 Prospects for the ALP after BEPS
Preliminary Material
A Assessment of the ALP after BEPS
8.01
1 Recap of the Key Conclusions of Chapters 1–7
8.02
2 General Summary of the Successes and Shortcomings of BEPS Transfer Pricing Work
8.03
8.04
8.05
(a) BEPS Successes
(b) BEPS Shortcomings
8.06
(c) Issues Not Addressed by BEPS
8.07
3 The Viability of the ALP after BEPS
8.08
(a) Ease of Administration
8.09
(b) Economic Efficiency
8.10
(c) Robustness in Preventing Abuse
8.11
(d) Overall Systemic Stability
8.12
(e) Fairness
8.13
4 Continuing Problems for a Transfer Pricing System Based on the ALP
8.14
(a) Complexity
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
(b) Vulnerability to Avoidance
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
B General Options for the Future
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
C Potential Simplifying Enhancements of the Existing ALP Framework
1 Introduction
8.31
8.32
2 Modification Options
(a) Greater Use of Safe Harbours
8.33
8.34
8.35
(b) Guidance Regarding the PE Threshold
8.36
8.37
(c) Greater Use of Profit Split Methods
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
(d) Documentation
8.43
8.44
(e) Arm’s-Length Prices and Arm’s-Length Returns
8.45
8.46
8.47
D More Fundamental Changes to the Operation of the ALP
1 Introduction
8.48
8.49
8.50
2 Approach to Avoidance under the ALP
8.51
8.52
8.53
8.54
8.55
3 Capital
8.56
8.57
8.58
8.59
8.60
8.61
8.62
8.63
8.64
4 Risk
8.65
8.66
8.67
8.68
8.69
8.70
5 Funding
8.71
8.72
8.73
6 IP
8.74
8.75
E Non-ALP Alternatives
1 Nature of Non-ALP-Centric Reforms
8.76
2 Possible Changes to Non-Transfer Pricing Rules
8.77
8.78
8.79
3 Replacement of the ALP
8.80
(a) Global Formulary Apportionment
8.81
8.82
8.83
8.84
8.85
8.86
(b) Minimum Income Systems
8.87
8.88
(c) Hybrid Methods
8.89
8.90
8.91
8.92
8.93
8.94
8.95
8.96
8.97
4 Fundamental Systemic Change
8.98
8.99
8.100
8.101
8.102
8.103
8.104
8.105
8.106
8.107
5 Conclusion
8.108
8.109
8.110
F The Future
8.111
8.112
8.113
8.114
8.115
8.116
8.117
Further Material
Index
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Contents Summary
Richard S Collier, Joseph L Andrus
From:
Transfer Pricing and the Arm's Length Principle After BEPS
Richard Collier, Joseph L Andrus
Content type:
Book content
Product:
International Commercial Law [ICML]
Published in print:
17 August 2017
ISBN:
9780198802914
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