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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents—Summary
Contents
Table of Cases
United Kingdom
Other National Cases
Anguilla
Australia
Bermuda
Canada
FIJI
Hong Kong
India
Ireland
Israel
Malaysia
New Zealand
Singapore
South Africa
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Table of International Legislation
Treaties and Conventions
Directives
European Union
Table of Statutes
United Kingdom
Germany
New Zealand
United States
Table of Statutory Instruments
United Kingdom
Table of Standard form Clauses and Rules
United Kingdom
International Trade Associations
United States
List of Abbreviations
Main Text
Part I The Obligation to Perform On Time
1 The Proper Time for Performance
Preliminary Material
1.01
1.02
1.03
A Where a Time is Set by the Contract
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
B Where the Contract is Silent as to Time
1.11
(1) Reasonable time at common law and by statute
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
(2) What constitutes a reasonable time?
1.16
(a) Factors in existence when the contract was made
1.17
(i) How long would performance normally take?
1.18
(ii) Was some delay expected?
1.19
1.20
1.21
(iii) Subject matter of the contract
1.22
(iv) Relevance of pre-contractual negotiations
1.23
(v) Relevance of trade custom
1.24
(vi) Reasonable time and reasonable diligence
1.25
1.26
(vii) The importance of knowledge
1.27
1.28
(b) Circumstances subsequent to the contract
1.29
C Performance Due on Demand
1.30
D Unilateral Obligations
1.31
1.32
(1) Where a time is specified
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
(2) Where the contract is silent as to time
1.37
2 The Importance of Timely Performance
Preliminary Material
2.01
2.02
A Time of the Essence and its Meaning
2.03
(1) Time of the essence as a contractual obligation
2.04
(2) Time of the essence as a condition precedent
2.05
(3) Time of the essence as a promissory condition
2.06
2.07
(4) Time of the essence as a bar to specific performance
2.08
2.09
2.10
(5) Time made of the essence by notice
2.11
2.12
B Time of the Essence at Common Law and in Equity
2.13
(1) Time of the essence at common law
2.14
2.15
(a) Timely performance as a condition precedent
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
(b) The importance of the stipulation
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
(c) The condition as promise
2.27
2.28
(d) Non-performance of condition and the right to terminate
2.29
(e) The Sale of Goods Act 1893
2.30
2.31
(f) Twentieth-century developments
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
(g) The modern law
2.36
2.37
2.38
(2) Time of the essence in equity
2.39
(a) The traditional approach
2.40
2.41
2.42
(b) The Judicature Acts
2.43
(c) The traditional approach redefined
2.44
2.45
(3) Common law and equity compared
2.46
C When is Time of the Essence?
2.47
(1) Time made of the essence by express stipulation
2.48
(2) Time made of the essence by implication
2.49
(3) Time made of the essence by notice
2.50
2.51
2.52
3 Performance Due on a Contingency
Preliminary Material
3.01
A The Nature of a Condition Precedent
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
B Identifying a Condition Precedent
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
(1) Express condition precedent
3.12
(a) Timetables or schedules
3.13
(b) Other language
3.14
(2) Condition precedent by implication
3.15
(a) Condition precedent by implication of fact
3.16
(i) Condition obvious from the circumstances
3.17
(ii) Rules of construction
3.18
(b) Condition precedent by implication of law
3.19
(3) A presumption against conditions precedent?
3.20
3.21
3.22
C Exceptions
3.23
Part II Performance of the Obligation
4 The Obligation and its Performance
Preliminary Material
4.01
A The Hour of Performance
4.02
(1) Performance possible without co-operation of promisee
4.03
(2) Performance requiring co-operation of promisee
4.04
(a) Tender of performance at a reasonable hour
4.05
4.06
(b) Unavailability of promisee
4.07
4.08
(c) Performance due on demand
4.09
B Period Specified for Performance
4.10
(1) Period inclusive
4.11
4.12
(2) Period exclusive
4.13
4.14
4.15
(3) Specifying the wrong date
4.16
4.17
C Performance within a Reasonable Time
4.18
4.19
(1) Conduct of the parties
4.20
(2) Supervening events
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
5 Excuses for Failure to Perform on Time
Preliminary Material
5.01
A Exclusions and Exceptions
5.02
(1) Varieties of exclusion clause
5.03
(a) Exclusion clauses and limitation clauses
5.04
(b) Exclusion of liability and exclusion of duty
5.05
(c) Limitation clauses and liquidated damages clauses
5.06
(d) ‘Tailor-made’ clauses and ‘off the peg’ clauses
5.07
5.08
(e) Exclusion clauses and inequality of bargaining power
5.09
(f) Force majeure clauses
5.10
(2) Incorporation of exclusion clauses into contract
5.11
(3) Rules of construction
5.12
(a) The ‘main purpose’ rule
5.13
(b) Deviation
5.14
(c) Fundamental breach
5.15
5.16
(4) Statutory controls
5.17
(a) Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
5.18
(i) Scope of the Act
5.19
5.20
5.21
(ii) Restrictions imposed by the Act
5.22
5.23
5.24
(iii) The test of reasonableness
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
(iv) Excluded contracts
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
(b) Consumer Rights Act 2015
5.34
(i) Unfair terms
5.35
(ii) Scope of Part 2
5.36
5.37
(iii) When is a term unfair?
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
(iv) Effect of unfairness
5.43
5.44
(v) Schedule 2: the ‘grey list’
5.45
(vi) Excluded terms and excluded contracts
5.46
(c) Other statutory controls
5.47
B Consent of Promisee
5.48
(1) Discharge by agreement
5.49
(a) How is a contract discharged by agreement?
5.50
5.51
5.52
(b) The problem of consideration
5.53
(c) Effect of discharge by agreement
5.54
(2) Variation
5.55
(a) Variation provided for by the contract
5.56
5.57
5.58
(b) Variation by subsequent agreement
5.59
(c) Effect of variation
5.60
(3) Waiver
5.61
(a) Waiver by forbearance
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
(b) Waiver by election
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
(4) Equitable estoppel
5.70
5.71
(a) Requirements of equitable estoppel
5.72
(i) A pre-existing legal relationship
5.73
(ii) A promise or representation
5.74
5.75
5.76
(iii) Reliance
5.77
5.78
(b) Effect of equitable estoppel
5.79
(i) Inequitable to enforce rights
5.80
(ii) Resumption of rights by representor
5.81
C Prevention by Promisee
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
D Supervening Events
5.86
(1) Force majeure clauses
5.87
(a) Clause must cover the relevant contingency
5.88
(b) Event must be beyond the control of the promisor
5.89
(c) There must be no other mode of performance
5.90
(d) Other requirements
5.91
(2) Contract discharged by breach or frustration
5.92
(3) Excused non-performance falling short of frustration
5.93
6 The Effect of Failure to Perform on Time
Preliminary Material
6.01
A Delay as a Breach of Contract
6.02
(1) Obligation under the contract
6.03
(2) Time for performance passed
6.04
(3) No lawful excuse for failure to perform
6.05
(4) The standard of performance
6.06
6.07
(5) The question of risk
6.08
(a) Risk allocated by express provision
6.09
6.10
(b) Risk allocated by implication
6.11
6.12
B Delay as a Failure of Condition
6.13
6.14
C Delay as Frustration
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
D Delay as a Breach of Condition
6.20
6.21
E Delay as a Fundamental Breach
6.22
6.23
6.24
F Delay as Repudiation
6.25
(1) Delay as renunciation
6.26
6.27
(2) Delay as prospective impossibility
6.28
6.29
(3) The effect of repudiation
6.30
(a) The need for acceptance
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
(b) The right to terminate and the right to claim damages
6.36
Part III Remedies for Delay
7 Specific Relief
Preliminary Material
7.01
7.02
A Specific Performance
7.03
(1) General principles
7.04
(a) Adequacy of damages
7.05
(b) Mutuality
7.06
(i) Negative mutuality
7.07
7.08
(ii) Positive mutuality
7.09
(c) Default by promisor
7.10
7.11
(d) Bars to specific performance
7.12
(i) Decree pointless
7.13
(ii) Obligation too vague
7.14
(iii) Excessive need for supervision
7.15
7.16
7.17
(iv) Conduct of promisee
7.18
(aa) Formation of the contract
7.19
(bb) Performance of the contract
7.20
7.21
(cc) Laches
7.22
(v) Hardship to promisor
7.23
7.24
(2) Specific cases
7.25
(a) Sale of land
7.26
(b) Sale of moveables
7.27
7.28
7.29
(c) Sale of shares
7.30
(d) Building contracts
7.31
(e) Charterparties
7.32
(f) Contracts for personal services
7.33
B Action for the Price
7.34
(1) Promisor’s duty to pay
7.35
(2) Promisee’s right of action
7.36
(a) Contracts for the sale of goods
7.37
(b) Repudiation by promisor
7.38
7.39
7.40
7.41
8 Notices Making Time of The Essence
Preliminary Material
8.01
8.02
A Genesis of Notice Procedure
8.03
(1) The equitable notice
8.04
8.05
8.06
(2) The common law notice
8.07
8.08
B The Modern Doctrine
8.09
(1) Terminology
8.10
(2) When may a notice be served?
8.11
(a) Promisee ‘able, ready and willing’
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
(b) Delay by promisor
8.17
(i) Extent of delay required
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
(ii) Obligation defaulted on
8.23
8.24
8.25
(3) Content of notice
8.26
(a) Reasonable time for compliance
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
(b) Form of notice
8.33
8.34
8.35
(4) Effect of notice
8.36
8.37
8.38
C Scope of the Procedure
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49
8.50
D Consumer Rights Act 2015
8.51
9 Damages For Delay
Preliminary Material
9.01
9.02
A Some Preliminary Distinctions
9.03
(1) Type of loss and measure of loss
9.04
(2) General and special damages
9.05
(3) Positive and negative losses
9.06
(4) Physical and financial loss
9.07
(5) Whether contract cancelled
9.08
(6) Delayed performance and total non-performance
9.09
B Causation
9.10
(1) Causation in fact
9.11
(2) Causation in law
9.12
9.13
(3) Causation and the duty to mitigate
9.14
C Remoteness of Damage
9.15
(1) The rules outlined
9.16
(a) Hadley v Baxendale
9.17
9.18
(b) The Victoria Laundry case
9.19
9.20
9.21
(c) The Heron II
9.22
9.23
(d) The Achilleas
9.24
9.25
9.26
9.27
(2) The rules explained
9.28
(a) One rule or two?
9.29
9.30
(b) Degree of likelihood required
9.31
9.32
9.33
9.34
(c) Subjective or objective?
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
(d) Burden of proof
9.39
9.40
(e) Fact or law?
9.41
9.42
(3) The rules illustrated
9.43
(a) Loss of value
9.44
9.45
(b) Loss of use
9.46
(c) Loss of profits
9.47
(i) Sale profits
9.48
9.49
9.50
9.51
9.52
9.53
9.54
(ii) User profits
9.55
9.56
9.57
9.58
(iii) Loss of profits in other cases
9.59
(d) Recovery of expenses
9.60
(i) Expenses arising out of the contract generally
9.61
(ii) Expenses arising out of the breach
9.62
(e) Recovery of indemnity
9.63
9.64
9.65
9.66
(f) Recovery of interest
9.67
(g) Physical injury and damage
9.68
9.69
9.70
(h) Loss of goodwill
9.71
(i) Inconvenience, anxiety and annoyance
9.72
9.73
9.74
D Mitigation
9.75
9.76
(1) No recovery for avoidable loss
9.77
(a) Mitigation and the decision to terminate
9.78
(b) The question of reasonableness
9.79
(c) Mitigation and causation
9.80
(2) The cost of mitigation
9.81
(a) Expenses incurred in mitigation
9.82
(b) Costs of unsuccessful mitigation
9.83
(3) Avoided losses
9.84
9.85
9.86
9.87
9.88
E Measure of Damages
9.89
(1) Expectation loss
9.90
9.91
9.92
9.93
(2) Reliance loss
9.94
9.95
9.96
9.97
9.98
9.99
(3) Nominal damages
9.100
(4) Recovery of profit to promisor
9.101
9.102
9.103
9.104
F Damages in Particular Contexts
9.105
(1) Sale of goods
9.106
(a) Contract terminated
9.107
9.108
9.109
9.110
9.111
(b) Contract not terminated
9.112
9.113
(2) Contracts of carriage
9.114
(a) Loss of market value
9.115
(b) Physical deterioration
9.116
(c) Loss of use
9.117
(d) Interest
9.118
(e) Recovery of expenses
9.119
(i) Expenses incurred
9.120
(ii) Expenses wasted
9.121
(f) Loss of profit
9.122
(i) User profits
9.123
(ii) Resale profits
9.124
(g) Recoupment of damages
9.125
(3) Hire purchase
9.126
9.127
(4) Sale of land
9.128
9.129
9.130
G Recovery or Forfeiture of Liquidated Sum
9.131
10 Withholding Performance
Preliminary Material
10.01
10.02
A Withholding Performance and Termination
10.03
10.04
10.05
B The Normal Rule
10.06
10.07
10.08
10.09
C Doctrine of Substantial Performance
10.10
10.11
10.12
D Timely Performance as a Condition Precedent
10.13
10.14
11 Termination
Preliminary Material
11.01
11.02
11.03
A Termination where Time is of the Essence
11.04
(1) Some preliminary points
11.05
(a) A question of construction
11.06
11.07
(b) Presumptions
11.08
(i) Common law and equity
11.09
11.10
(ii) A general presumption
11.11
11.12
(iii) Commercial contracts
11.13
11.14
(iv) Time and other stipulations
11.15
11.16
(2) Time made expressly of the essence
11.17
11.18
(a) ‘Time is of the essence’
11.19
(b) ‘Condition’
11.20
(c) Words indicating dependency
11.21
(d) Other formulae
11.22
(e) Expressio unius exclusio alterius
11.23
11.24
(3) Time made of the essence by implication
11.25
(a) Time made of the essence by implication of fact
11.26
(i) The nature of the obligation
11.27
(ii) The breadth of the obligation
11.28
(iii) Relationship with other obligations
11.29
11.30
(iv) Options
11.31
11.32
11.33
11.34
11.35
11.36
(v) Availability of other remedy
11.37
11.38
11.39
(vi) Commercial common sense
11.40
11.41
11.42
(vii) Non-commercial contracts
11.43
(viii) Executed and executory contracts
11.44
(b) Time of the essence by implication of law
11.45
11.46
11.47
11.48
(c) Consumer sales contracts
11.49
(4) Relief against forfeiture
11.50
(a) Statutory provisions
11.51
(b) General equitable jurisdiction
11.52
11.53
11.54
11.55
11.56
11.57
11.58
11.59
11.60
11.61
11.62
11.63
11.64
11.65
11.66
11.67
B Termination where Time is not of the Essence
11.68
12 Frustrating Delay
Preliminary Material
12.01
A Preliminary Distinctions
12.02
(1) Delays and interruptions
12.03
(2) Discharge by breach and discharge by frustration
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
(3) Frustration of the ‘common object’
12.08
12.09
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
(4) Failure of consideration and impossibility
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
B What Amounts to a Frustrating Delay?
12.19
(1) Length of the delay
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
12.24
12.25
(a) The relevant time for decision
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
(b) The deprivation/unexpiration principle
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
(c) ‘Anticipatory’ delay
12.36
(i) Prospective failure of consideration
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
12.41
12.42
(ii) Prospective impossibility
12.43
(d) Delay unexpectedly short
12.44
(2) The effect of the delay
12.45
(a) Delay causing failure of consideration
12.46
(i) Actual failure of consideration
12.47
12.48
12.49
12.50
12.51
12.52
12.53
(ii) Constructive failure of consideration
12.54
12.55
12.56
12.57
(b) Delay causing impossibility
12.58
(i) Actual impossibility
12.59
(ii) Constructive impossibility
12.60
12.61
12.62
12.63
12.64
12.65
12.66
C The Legal Effect of Frustrating Delay
12.67
(1) Delay as a frustrating breach
12.68
12.69
(a) Actus reus of frustrating breach
12.70
(b) Mens rea of frustrating breach
12.71
12.72
12.73
(2) Delay under the doctrine of frustration
12.74
12.75
12.76
(a) ‘Risk’ factors
12.77
12.78
(i) Self-induced frustration
12.79
12.80
(ii) Delay dealt with by the contract
12.81
12.82
12.83
12.84
12.85
12.86
(iii) Delay foreseen
12.87
12.88
12.89
(iv) Delay foreseeable
12.90
12.91
(v) Type of contract involved
12.92
12.93
12.94
12.95
12.96
12.97
(vi) Implied terms
12.98
12.99
12.100
(b) Other issues
12.101
(i) Waiver
12.102
12.103
12.104
12.105
(ii) Frustrating delay as a sword
12.106
12.107
(iii) A question of fact or a question of law?
12.108
12.109
12.110
13 Express Contractual Provisions
Preliminary Material
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
A Common Types of Contract
13.05
(1) Charterparties
13.06
(a) Charterparties by demise
13.07
13.08
13.09
(b) Time charterparties
13.10
13.11
13.12
(c) Voyage charterparties
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
13.17
(2) Construction Contracts
13.18
13.19
13.20
(3) Conveyancing
13.21
13.22
13.23
(4) Sale of Goods
13.24
(a) C.i.f. contracts
13.25
13.26
13.27
(b) F.o.b. contracts
13.28
13.29
13.30
B Effect of Express Provisions
13.31
(1) Specific relief
13.32
(2) Notice making time of the essence
13.33
13.34
13.35
(3) Recovery or forfeiture of liquidated sum
13.36
(a) Liquidated damages
13.37
13.38
(i) Demurrage
13.39
(aa) Nature of demurrage
13.40
(bb) Types of demurrage
13.41
(cc) When does demurrage have to be paid?
13.42
(dd) Who must pay the demurrage?
13.43
(ee) The effect of demurrage
13.44
(ii) Liquidated damages in building contracts
13.45
(aa) When are liquidated damages payable?
13.46
(bb) Prevention by employer
13.47
(cc) Extensions of time
13.48
(b) Penalties
13.49
(i) Penalties at common law
13.50
(aa) Sum extravagant and unconscionable
13.51
(bb) Delay in paying a sum of money
13.52
(cc) Lump sum payable for variety of breaches
13.53
(dd) Precise pre-estimate of damage impossible
13.54
(ii) Statutory provisions
13.55
(c) Options
13.56
(i) Common law
13.57
13.58
13.59
(ii) Statute
13.60
(d) Deposits and part payments
13.61
(i) Deposits
13.62
(aa) Common law
13.63
(bb) Statutory provisions
13.64
13.65
(ii) Part payments of the price
13.66
(aa) Contractual provision for forfeiture
13.67
13.68
13.69
13.70
(bb) No contractual provision for forfeiture
13.71
13.72
(4) Withholding performance
13.73
(5) Termination
13.74
(a) Express termination rights and breach of condition
13.75
(b) Construction of termination rights
13.76
(c) Exercise of express termination rights
13.77
(d) Effect of termination under express provision
13.78
(e) Multiple termination rights
13.79
13.80
Further Material
Index
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Table of Standard form Clauses and Rules
John E. Stannard
From:
Delay in the Performance of Contractual Obligations (2nd Edition)
John Stannard
Content type:
Book content
Product:
International Commercial Law [ICML]
Published in print:
08 February 2018
ISBN:
9780198792321
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3.235.60.197