We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time.
Find out more
Jump to Content
Jump to Main Navigation
User Account
Personal Profile
See all online law products
More
About
Guided Tour
Subscriber Services
Contact Us
FAQ
Help
Search
Browse all
Area of law
Financial Law [FBL]
International Commercial Arbitration [ICMA]
Private International Law [PRIL]
International Commercial Law [ICML]
Author
My Content
(0)
Recently viewed
(0)
Save Entry
My Searches
(0)
Recently viewed
(0)
Save Search
Print
Save
Cite
Email this content
Share Link
Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend
Email this content
or copy the link directly:
https://olrl.ouplaw.com/abstract/10.1093/law/9780198767671.001.0001/law-9780198767671-miscMatter-10
The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.
Link copied successfully
Copy link
Share This
Sign in
You could not be signed in, please check and try again.
Username
Please enter your Username
Password
Please enter your Password
Forgot password?
Don't have an account?
Sign in via your Institution
You could not be signed in, please check and try again.
Sign in with your library card
Please enter your library card number
View translated passages only
Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface
Contents
Table of Cases
Belgium
European Union
Italy
Netherlands
United Kingdom
United States
Table of Legislation
International Instruments
European Union
Directives
Regulations
National Legislation
France
Germany
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
List of Abbreviations
Author Biographies
Editors
Contributors
Main Text
Part I General Aspects
1 Who’s Afraid of MiFID II?: An Introduction
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
1 General
1.01
1.02
1.03
2 From ISD to MiFID I
1.04
1.05
1.06
3 From MiFID I to MiFID II
1.07
4 The Term ‘Investment Firm’
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
II Investment Firms and Investment Services
1 Scope and Exemptions
1.14
2 Governance of Investment Firms
1.15
3 The Duty to Act in the Client’s Best Interest
1.16
1.17
1.18
4 Product Governance and Product Intervention
1.19
5 Independent and Non-Independent Advice
1.20
6 Conflicts of Interest
1.21
7 Inducements
1.22
8 Agency and Principal Dealing
1.23
9 Third-Country Investment Firms
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
III Trading
1 Governance and Organization of Trading Venues
1.29
2 The New Transparency Regime for Trading
1.30
1.31
1.32
3 SME Growth Markets
1.33
4 Dark Pools
1.34
5 Derivatives Trading and the New Mandatory Trading Obligation
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
6 Commodity Derivatives
1.40
1.41
7 Algorithmic Trading and High-Frequency Trading
1.42
1.43
8 MiFID II and Equity Trading Regulation: a US Perspective
1.44
IV Supervision and Enforcement
1 Public Enforcement of MiFID II
1.45
2 The Private Law Effect of MiFID I and MiFID II
1.46
1.47
V The Broader View and the Future of MiFID
1 MiFID II and Investor Protection: Picking Up the Crumbs of a Piecemeal Approach
1.48
1.49
2 Shadow Banking and the Functioning of Financial Markets
1.50
3 Investment-Based Crowdfunding: Is MiFID II Enough?
1.51
VI Final Remarks
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
Part II Investment Firms and Investment Services
2 The Scope of MiFID II
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
2.01
II Investment Firms under MiFID II
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
III Credit Institutions
2.15
IV Investment Firms under the CRR
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
V Structured Deposits
2.26
2.27
2.28
VI General Exemptions to MiFID II Applicability
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
VII Trading on Own Account
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
VIII Dealings in Emission Allowances
2.42
IX Financial Instruments
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
X Insurance Companies and Insurance Intermediaries
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
XI Managers of Collective Investment Undertakings
2.55
2.56
XII Data-Reporting Service Providers
2.57
2.58
2.59
XIII Market Operators
2.60
XIV Conclusion
2.61
3 Governance of Investment Firms Under MiFID II
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
3.01
3.02
3.03
II Governance-related Regulation of Investment Firms between Prudential and Conduct-of-Business Regulation
1 The Case for Governance-Related Regulation According to MiFID II—Some Preliminary Observations
3.04
3.05
3.06
2 Governance-Related Regulation since the ISD 1993
3.07
A Governance-Related Regulation under the ISD 1993
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
B Governance-Related Regulation under MiFID I and the CRD II package
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3 Some Preliminary Conclusions
3.20
III The Technical Framework under MiFID II
1 General Principles and Problems
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
2 The Board
A Organizational Structure
3.25
3.26
3.27
B Duties
i The Board as a Whole
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
ii Board Committees
3.35
C Personal Requirements
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
D Remuneration of Board Members and Senior Management
3.45
3.46
3 Organization and Risk Management
A General Requirements Laid Down in the CRD IV Regime
3.47
3.48
3.49
B Specific Organizational Requirements under MiFID II
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
4 Shareholders and Owners with Qualifying Holdings
3.56
3.57
5 Governance Reporting
3.58
6 Assessment
A Systemic Stability Concerns versus Investor Protection: A Reappraisal of Policy Rationales
3.59
3.60
3.61
B Principles-Based Regulation versus Ever Tighter Rules: Some Observations on Regulatory Strategy
3.62
C Technical Inconsistencies with Company and Partnership Law
3.63
D Impediments to Effective Enforcement: The Public–Private Dichotomy
3.64
IV Conclusions
3.65
4 The Overarching Duty to Act in the Best Interest of the Client in MiFID II
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
4.01
4.02
4.03
II Antecedents of the Investment Firm’s Duty to Act in the Best Interest of the Client
4.04
4.05
4.06
III The Duty to Act in the Best Interest of the Client in MiFID II
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
IV The Duty’s Functions and Contents
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
V The Articulation of the Duty with Respect to Individual Services and Activities
4.32
4.33
1 The Duty and Its ‘Natural Bedfellows’: The Boundaries of Investment Advice
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
2 The Duty and Its ‘Odd Bedfellows’: At-Arm’s-Length Services
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
3 Manufacturing
4.49
4.50
4.51
4 Self-Placement
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69
5 Dealing on Own Account
4.70
4.71
4.72
VI A Look Across the Atlantic
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
VII Assessment
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
5 Product Governance and Product Intervention under MiFID II/MiFIR
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
5.01
II Product Governance
1 Scope
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
2 Manufacturers and Distributors
A General
5.06
B Manufacturers
5.07
5.08
C Distributors
5.09
5.10
3 Three Perspectives
5.11
A Corporate Governance
5.12
5.13
B Investor Protection
5.14
5.15
5.16
C Organizational Requirements
i General
5.17
ii Product-Approval Process for Manufacturers
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
iii Product-Governance Procedures for Distributors
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
iv Product-Governance Requirements in Respect of Staff
5.30
5.31
v Monitoring Obligation
General
5.32
Monitoring Obligation—Manufacturer
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
Monitoring Obligation—Distributor
5.38
5.39
vi Relationship with KYC Rules and Other MiFID II/MiFIR Provisions
5.40
III Product Intervention
1 Introduction and Scope
5.41
2 Product Intervention by NCAs
A Powers of NCAs under MiFIR
i General
5.42
5.43
5.44
ii ‘Significant Concern’ or ‘Threat’
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
5.51
iii Other Requirements
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
B Consultation with Other NCAs and ESMA/EBA
5.57
5.58
C Coordinating Role of ESMA and EBA
5.59
5.60
D Powers of NCAs under MiFID II
5.61
5.62
3 Temporary Intervention Powers of ESMA and EBA
A General
5.63
5.64
B Powers under MiFIR
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
C Power under ESMA/EBA Regulation: Emergency Situations
5.73
IV Conclusion
5.74
6 Independent Financial Advice
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
6.01
6.02
II Economic Background
1 Households’ Participation in Financial Markets
6.03
2 Households’ Bias
6.04
6.05
6.06
3 Advice
A Supply Side
6.07
6.08
B Is Conflicted Advice Better Than No Advice?
6.09
6.10
C Demand Side
6.11
6.12
4 Missing Research
6.13
6.14
III MiFID I
1 MiFID I on Advice
6.15
2 The Problem with the MiFID I Regime
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
IV MiFID II
1 MiFID II on Information
6.20
A Independent Basis of Advice
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
B Broad or Restricted Analysis
6.25
6.26
6.27
C Periodic Assessment of Suitability
6.28
D Other Information
6.29
2 Independent Advice and Other Investment Services
A Offering Independent and Non-Independent Advice at the Same Time
6.30
6.31
6.32
B Coupling Independent Advice and Distribution
6.33
6.34
C Tied Agents and Advice
6.35
6.36
3 Contractual Obligations
A Suitability Assessment and Investment Firms’ Personnel
6.37
6.38
B Suitability Assessment and Product Governance
6.39
6.40
6.41
6.42
C The Written Statement of Suitability
6.43
4 Investment Advice and Portfolio Management
6.44
V Conclusions
6.45
6.46
6.47
7 Conflicts of Interest
Preliminary Material
I Foundations of the Regime
7.01
1 The Ambit of the Topic
7.02
A Which Conflicts of Interests?
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
B No Consistent System of Goals in the Exposition of MiFID I and II
7.08
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
2 Theoretical Approaches for Regulating and Limiting Conflicts of Interests
7.14
A Fairness: Entrusting Positions of Influence (without Compensation)
7.15
7.16
7.17
B Efficiency: Avoiding Hidden Gains (Fundamental Lack of Transparency)
7.18
7.19
7.20
C Cognitive Limitations: Mitigating Processes of Suboptimal Use of Information
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
3 The Range of Regulatory Approaches
7.25
A Organizational Rules and Contract/Disclosure Rules
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
B Heterogeneous Approaches in the Different Stages of the Client Relationship
7.30
II The Regime by Single Stages and Examples
7.31
1 Organizational Requirements Minimizing Conflicts of Interest
7.32
A A Company Structure Solution
7.33
7.34
7.35
B From MiFID I to MiFID II
7.36
7.37
C Core Parameters of the MiFID II Regime
7.38
7.39
7.40
7.41
7.42
2 Conflicts of Interest in the Formation of Investment Services Contracts
7.43
A A Contract Standards Solution
7.44
B From MiFID I to MiFID II
7.45
7.46
C Core Parameters of the MiFID II Regime
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.50
7.51
7.52
7.53
7.54
3 In Particular: Conflicts of Interest and the Regime on Fees
7.55
A A Market Structure Approach
7.56
B From MiFID I to MiFID II
7.57
C Core Parameters of the MiFID II Regime
7.58
7.59
7.60
4 Conflicts of Interest in the Execution of Investment Services Contracts (‘Best Execution’)
7.61
A A Strict Investors’ Interest Approach
7.62
B From MiFID I to MiFID II
7.63
7.64
C Core Parameters of the MiFID II Regime
7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.69
7.70
5 Conflicts of Interest in the Case of Linked Contracts
7.71
A A Balancing and Unfair Trade Practices/Competition Law Approach
7.72
B Investment Contracts Financed by Loan Contracts
7.73
7.74
C Cross-selling of Different Investment Services
7.75
7.76
7.77
6 New Strategies: the Future of the Regulation of Conflicts of Interest
7.78
A Cognitively Optimized Disclosure
7.79
7.80
B Debiasing
7.81
7.82
7.83
7.84
C Caps
7.85
7.86
III Conclusion
7.87
7.88
8 Inducements
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
8.01
8.02
8.03
II Current Legislation
1 MiFID I
8.04
8.05
2 MiFID I Implementing Directive
8.06
8.07
3 Guidance by ESMA
8.08
A Scope of the Inducement Ban
i Standard Fees
8.09
ii Intra-group Payments
8.10
B Exceptions
i Direct Fees
8.11
ii Fees Enhancing the Quality of the Service
8.12
8.13
8.14
iii Proper Fees
8.15
8.16
8.17
III The Dutch Inducement Ban
1 Introduction
8.18
2 The Dutch Inducement Ban
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
A Territorial Scope
8.24
B Legal Basis and Necessity for ‘Gold Plating’
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
3 Dutch Inducement Rules for Investment Services Outside the Scope of the Inducement Ban
8.29
IV The UK Inducement Rules
1 Introduction
8.30
2 MiFID I Implementation
8.31
3 Retail Distribution Review
8.32
A Inducement Rules
8.33
8.34
8.35
8.36
V MiFID II
1 Introduction
8.37
8.38
8.39
2 Investment Advice on an Independent Basis and Portfolio Management
8.40
8.41
8.42
A Minor Non-Monetary Benefits
8.43
8.44
8.45
8.46
3 Other Investment Services and Ancillary Services
8.47
8.48
8.49
8.50
8.51
8.52
8.53
8.54
8.55
8.56
8.57
4 Deviating Requirements
8.58
8.59
VI Research as an Inducement
1 Introduction
8.60
2 Definition of ‘Research’
8.61
8.62
3 Research as an Inducement
8.63
8.64
A Research as a Minor Non-Monetary Benefit
8.65
8.66
VII Conclusion
8.67
9 Agency and Principal Dealing under MiFID I and MiFID II
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
9.01
9.02
9.03
II Four Transaction Types
1 General
9.04
2 Execution of Client Orders through the Regulated Market or an MTF
9.05
9.06
9.07
3 Dealing Solely on Own Account
9.08
4 Execution of Client Orders through Internalisation or Systematic Internalization
9.09
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
5 Execution of Client Orders by Means of Agency Crosses
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
III Investor Protection
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
IV Acting as Agent or as Principal: Not a Justified Distinction to Serve as a Basis for Determining the Degree of Investor Protection
1 General
9.23
2 Investors’ Reasonable Expectations
9.24
9.25
3 Tenuous, Arbitrary, and Easy to Manipulate
9.26
A Example 1
9.27
B Example 2
9.28
9.29
4 Grant Estates Ltd v Royal Bank of Scotland
9.30
9.31
9.32
9.33
9.34
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
9.40
9.41
9.42
9.43
9.44
9.45
5 No Practicable Distinction under MiFID II either
9.46
9.47
9.48
9.49
9.50
6 Dutch Supreme Court has Already Extended Civil Duty of Care to Dealing on own Account
9.51
7 The UK Government Response to the Kay Review
9.52
9.53
9.54
V Conclusion
9.55
10 MiFID II/MiFIR’s Regime for Third-Country Firms
Preliminary Material
I General
10.01
10.02
10.03
II Scope of MiFID II/MiFIR’s Regime for Third-Country Firms
1 Third-Country Firms
10.04
2 Investment Services and Investment Activities
10.05
10.06
10.07
10.08
3 Selling and Advising Clients in Relation to Structured Deposits
10.09
10.10
4 Data-Reporting Services
10.11
10.12
10.13
5 Operating Trading Venues
10.14
10.15
10.16
III Eligible Counterparties and Per Se Professional Clients
1 General
10.17
2 Equivalence Decision by the Commission
10.18
10.19
A Reciprocity Test
10.20
B Equivalence Test
10.21
10.22
C The Equivalence and Reciprocity Test in Other EU/EEA Legislation
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
D Will there ever be Equivalence Decisions under Article 47 of MiFIR?
10.27
10.28
3 Registration with ESMA
10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
A Only on a Cross-Border Basis?
10.33
4 Continuing Obligations for Registered Third-Country Firms
10.34
10.35
5 Transitional Regime
10.36
6 Withdrawal of Registration by ESMA/Equivalence Decision by the Commission
10.37
10.38
10.39
10.40
7 No Equivalence Decision by the Commission
10.41
10.42
10.43
10.44
IV Retail Clients and Opt Up Professional Clients
1 General
10.45
2 Exercise of Member State Option
10.46
10.47
10.48
A Withdrawal of Branch Authorization
10.49
3 Non-Exercise of Member State Option
10.50
10.51
4 No European Passport!
10.52
10.53
10.54
5 Resolution of a Branch of a Third-Country Firm
10.55
10.56
V Retail Clients, Professional Clients and Eligible Counterparties
10.57
1 After the Adoption of an Equivalence Decision and Exercise of the Member State Option
10.58
10.59
10.60
10.61
A Applicability of MiFID II/MiFIR Requirements
10.62
2 If no Equivalence Decision is in Effect
10.63
3 If the Member State Option has not been Exercised
10.64
VI Initiative Test
1 Initiative Test Under MiFIR
10.65
10.66
10.67
2 Initiative Test Under MiFID II
10.68
10.69
10.70
10.71
3 Own Exclusive Initiative
10.72
10.73
10.74
10.75
VII Conclusion
10.76
10.77
10.78
Part III Trading
11 Governance and Organization of Trading Venues: The Role of Financial Market Infrastructure Groups
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
11.01
11.02
II Trading Facilities: Concept and Regulatory Framework
1 An Introduction to the Scenario of Trading Facilities
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
2 The Regulatory Framework of EU Trading Venues
11.15
11.16
3 Regulated Markets
11.17
A Corporate Governance
11.18
11.19
11.20
B Organization
11.21
4 MTFs and OTFs
11.22
A Definitions
11.23
11.24
B Corporate Governance
11.25
C Organization
11.26
11.27
11.28
11.29
5 Non-Discriminatory Access to Trading Venues and to CCPs
11.30
11.31
III The EU Scenario of Trading Venues
11.32
1 The Evolution of the Trading Venues Market
11.33
11.34
11.35
2 A Case Study of Six FMI Groups
11.36
A The London Stock Exchange Group
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
B Deutsche Börse Group
11.41
11.42
11.43
11.44
11.45
C Euronext Group
11.46
11.47
11.48
D Bolsas y Mercados Españoles Group
11.49
11.50
11.51
11.52
E NASDAQ OMX Nordic Exchange
11.53
11.54
F BATS Group
11.55
11.56
11.57
IV FMI Groups in an MiFID II World
1 Formation of Pan-European Groups
11.58
11.59
11.60
11.61
11.62
11.63
11.64
2 The OTF in FMI Groups
11.65
11.66
11.67
11.68
3 Challenges of FMI Groups to Regulators
11.69
11.70
11.71
11.72
4 MiFID II’s Approach to FMI Groups
11.73
11.74
11.75
A Conflicts of Interest
11.76
B Transparency of Ownership and Suitability of Shareholders
11.77
11.78
C Rules on Access
11.79
5 Consolidated Supervision?
11.80
11.81
11.82
11.83
11.84
11.85
V Conclusion
11.86
12 EU Financial Governance and Transparency Regulation: A Test for the Effectiveness of Post-Crisis Administrative Governance
Preliminary Material
I Transparency Regulation and EU Financial Governance: Why It Matters
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
12.08
12.09
II Transparency Regulation and EU Financial Governance
1 The Purpose of Transparency Regulation
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
2 The MiFIR Transparency Regime
A Approach
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
B Transparency Requirements: Trading Venues
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
12.24
12.25
C Transparency Requirements: Bilateral Trading
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
12.31
12.32
12.33
III MiFIR, Transparency, and Supervisory Administrative Governance
12.34
12.35
12.36
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
12.41
12.42
12.43
12.44
IV MiFIR, Transparency, and Administrative Regulatory Governance
12.45
12.46
12.47
12.48
12.49
12.50
12.51
12.52
12.53
12.54
12.55
V Conclusion
12.56
12.57
13 SME Growth Markets
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
13.01
13.02
13.03
II Existing Alternative Markets for SMEs in Europe
1 Overview
13.04
13.05
13.06
13.07
2 Regulatory Approaches: Unity and Diversity
A Admission to Trading
13.08
13.09
B Requirements for Being Public
13.10
13.11
13.12
13.13
13.14
III SME Growth Markets under MiFID II
1 Regulatory Aim
13.15
2 Concept
13.16
13.17
3 What will the Future Regime under MiFID II look like?
13.18
13.19
13.20
13.21
13.22
13.23
4 Further Requirements under the MAR
13.24
13.25
13.26
5 Criticism
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
IV Alternative Disclosure Obligations?
13.34
1 Alternative (1): Disclosure of Key Operating Milestones
A Concept
13.35
13.36
13.37
13.38
B Evaluation
13.39
13.40
13.41
2 Alternative (2): Disclosure of Current Event Reports
A Concept
13.42
13.43
B Evaluation
13.44
13.45
13.46
V What Role for the ‘SME Growth Market’ Label? Some Reflections on Alternative Scenarios
13.47
13.48
13.49
13.50
13.51
13.52
13.53
VI Conclusion
13.54
14 Dark Trading Under MiFID II
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
14.01
14.02
14.03
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.08
14.09
II Dark Pools: Motivation, Classification, and Related Literature
14.10
1 Motivation
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.14
14.15
2 Classification of Dark Pools
14.16
14.17
14.18
14.19
14.20
14.21
14.22
14.23
3 Dark Trading in Academic Literature
14.24
A Theoretical Papers
14.25
14.26
14.27
14.28
14.29
14.30
14.31
B Empirical Papers
14.32
14.33
14.34
14.35
14.36
14.37
14.38
III Dark Pools under MiFID I
14.39
1 Venue Classification and Pre-Trade Transparency under MiFID I
14.40
14.41
14.42
14.43
14.44
14.45
14.46
14.47
14.48
14.49
14.50
14.51
2 Waivers to Pre-Trade Transparency
14.52
14.53
14.54
14.55
14.56
14.57
14.58
IV Dark Pool Regulation under MiFID II/MiFIR
14.59
14.60
14.61
14.62
14.63
14.64
14.65
14.66
1 Waivers for Equity Instruments
14.67
14.68
14.69
14.70
14.71
14.72
14.73
14.74
14.75
14.76
2 Volume Cap Mechanism
14.77
14.78
14.79
14.80
14.81
14.82
14.83
14.84
14.85
3 Regulatory Technical Standards Relating to the Double Volume Cap Concept
14.86
14.87
14.88
14.89
14.90
14.91
4 Where can Investors Trade? Trading Obligations for Investment Firms
14.92
14.93
5 MiFID II: Ready Solutions
14.94
14.95
14.96
14.97
14.98
14.99
14.100
V Summary
14.101
14.102
14.103
14.104
14.105
14.106
15 Derivatives: Trading, Clearing, Stp, Indirect Clearing, and Portfolio Compression
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
1 Background
15.01
15.02
2 Derivatives
15.03
15.04
15.05
II The Trading Obligation
1 The General Obligation
15.06
15.07
2 What is Exchange Trading?
A Trade Life Cycle
15.08
B Trading Models
15.09
15.10
i Central Limit Order Book Model
15.11
ii Multi-Dealer Request-for-Quote Model
15.12
3 Scope
A Entities in Scope
15.13
i Third-Country Entities
15.14
ii Exemptions
15.15
15.16
B Derivatives in Scope
15.17
15.18
i Venue Test
15.19
ii Liquidity Test
15.20
15.21
15.22
15.23
15.24
iii Alternative Process
15.25
4 Miscellaneous
A Timing
15.26
15.27
15.28
B Register
15.29
C Package Transactions
15.30
D Should ETDs Fall Within the Scope?
15.31
III The Clearing Obligation
1 The General Obligation
15.32
15.33
15.34
2 What is Central Clearing?
15.35
15.36
A Novation
15.37
B Multilateral Netting
15.38
C A CCP’s Protective Measures
15.39
3 Scope
15.40
4 Miscellaneous
A Access to Central Clearing
15.41
15.42
B Position of the CB
15.43
C Segregation at (Direct) Client Clearing
i Assets and Positions Protection
15.44
15.45
ii Netting
15.46
D Default management; Post-Default Porting, and Leapfrog Payment
15.47
15.48
IV The Straight-Through-Processing Obligations
1 The General Obligation
15.49
15.50
15.51
2 What is STP?
15.52
A ETDs
15.53
B OTC Derivatives
15.54
i Contractual Time Frames
15.55
15.56
3 Scope
15.57
4 The Obligations in More Detail
A Cleared Derivatives Concluded on a Trading Venue
i Predetermined Information
15.58
ii Pre-Trade Checks
15.59
iii Time Frame for Submission by Trading Venue to CCP
15.60
iv Timeframe for CCP Acceptance
15.61
v Non-Acceptance
15.62
vi Exemption
15.63
B Cleared Derivatives Concluded on a Bilateral Basis
i Time Frame for Submission by Counterparties to CCP
15.64
15.65
ii Time Frame for CB Acceptance
15.66
15.67
iii Time Frame for CCP Acceptance
15.68
15.69
iv Exemption
15.70
C Trades not Accepted by the CCP
i Cleared Derivatives Concluded on a Trading Venue Electronically
15.71
ii Cleared Derivatives Concluded on a Trading Venue Non-Electronically or on a Bilateral Basis
15.72
iii Technical or Clerical Problem
15.73
5 Miscellaneous
A Frontloading
15.74
B Consistency between the EU and the US
15.75
V The Obligations in Respect of Indirect Clearing
1 The General Obligation
15.76
15.77
15.78
15.79
2 What is Indirect Clearing?
15.80
15.81
3 Scope
15.82
4 The Obligations in More Detail
A Structure of the Indirect Clearing Arrangements
15.83
B Segregation
15.84
15.85
15.86
15.87
15.88
C Default Management; Post-Default Porting and Leapfrog Payment
15.89
15.90
15.91
D Information Flow
15.92
15.93
E Extended Chains
15.94
15.95
15.96
5 Miscellaneous
15.97
A Concerns about Default Management
i Extent of Protection
15.98
15.99
ii Obligations of Means
15.100
15.101
B Concerns about Information Flow
15.102
C Concerns about Territoriality
15.103
15.104
VI The Obligations in Respect of Portfolio Compression
1 The General Obligations
15.105
15.106
2 What is Portfolio Compression?
15.107
15.108
15.109
15.110
3 Scope
A Criteria
15.111
i Re (i) the Portfolio Compression should be Exercised by an Investment Firm or Market Operator
15.112
ii Re (iii) the Exercise should Reduce the Total Notional Value of the Portfolio
15.113
15.114
iii Re (iv) the Exercise should be Performed by two or more Parties
15.115
15.116
B Requirements
15.117
i Process
15.118
15.119
15.120
15.121
15.122
ii Legal Documentation
15.123
4 The Obligations in more Detail
A Transparency
15.124
15.125
B Record-Keeping
15.126
15.127
VII A Few Final Remarks
15.128
15.129
15.130
15.131
15.132
16 Commodity Derivatives
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
16.01
16.02
16.03
16.04
16.05
16.06
16.07
II Features of the Commodity Derivatives Markets and Its Relation to the Crisis
16.08
16.09
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
III Overview of the Most Important EU Provisions on Commodity Derivatives
16.17
16.18
16.19
16.20
16.21
16.22
16.23
16.24
16.25
16.26
16.27
16.28
16.29
16.30
16.31
16.32
16.33
16.34
16.35
16.36
16.37
16.38
16.39
16.40
16.41
IV The Regulatory Perimeter of the MiFID II/MiFIR Package
1 Preliminary Remarks
16.42
16.43
2 The Enlargement of the Definition of Commodity Derivatives
16.44
16.45
16.46
16.47
16.48
16.49
16.50
3 Changes in the Exemption Regime
16.51
16.52
16.53
16.54
16.55
4 The Ancillary Activity Exemption
16.56
16.57
16.58
16.59
16.60
16.61
16.62
V The New Position Limits Regime
1 An Introduction to the Position Limits Regime
16.63
16.64
16.65
2 The Distinction between Financial and Non-Financial Entities
16.66
16.67
16.68
16.69
3 The Hedging Exemption
16.70
16.71
16.72
16.73
4 The Methodology of Position Limits’ Calculation
16.74
16.75
16.76
5 A First Evaluation of the Position Limits Regime: EU versus USA
16.77
16.78
16.79
16.80
16.81
16.82
VI A New Set of Intervention Powers for Authorities and Trading Venues
16.83
16.84
16.85
16.86
16.87
16.88
16.89
VII Conclusion
16.90
16.91
16.92
16.93
17 Algorithmic Trading and High-Frequency Trading (HFT)
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
17.01
17.02
17.03
17.04
17.05
17.06
17.07
17.08
17.09
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14
17.15
17.16
17.17
17.18
17.19
17.20
17.21
II Algorithmic Trading
17.22
1 Investment Firms
A Requirements for all Investment Firms
17.23
17.24
17.25
17.26
17.27
17.28
B Direct Electronic Access and General Clearing Member
17.29
17.30
17.31
17.32
2 Trading Venues
17.33
A Organizational Requirements
17.34
17.35
17.36
17.37
17.38
B Trading Requirements
17.39
17.40
17.41
III High-Frequency Trading
17.42
1 The Specific Regulation of High-Frequency Trading
17.43
A Investment Firms that Engage in HFT
17.44
17.45
17.46
17.47
B Regulated Markets
17.48
17.49
17.50
2 The Specific Regulation to Prevent Market Abuses
17.51
A Requirements Designed to Prevent and Identify Market Abuse
17.52
17.53
17.54
17.55
17.56
B Sanctions
17.57
17.58
17.59
17.60
IV Conclusion
17.61
17.62
18 MiFID II and Equity Trading: A US View
Preliminary Material
18.01
18.02
18.03
I Basic Building Blocks
18.04
18.05
1 The Economics of Liquidity Provision
18.06
18.07
18.08
A Kinds of Private Information and Their Sources
18.09
i Inside Information
18.10
ii Announcement Information
18.11
iii Fundamental Value Information
18.12
B Transacting with Informed versus Uninformed Traders
18.13
18.14
18.15
C How Liquidity Suppliers Set Their Bids and Offers
18.16
i The Accounting Perspective
18.17
ii The Information Perspective
18.18
18.19
D The Pattern of Transaction Prices in the Presence of Informed Trading
18.20
18.21
2 The Evaluative Framework
18.22
A Goals
18.23
18.24
B Market Characteristics That Impact on These Goals
18.25
i Price Accuracy
18.26
18.27
18.28
ii Liquidity
18.29
18.30
More Efficient Allocation of Resources over Time
18.31
18.32
Greater Share Price Accuracy
18.33
More Efficient Allocation of Risk
18.34
iii Anonymity
18.35
Price Accuracy
18.36
18.37
18.38
Efficient Allocation of Resources over Time and Risk
18.39
II High-Frequency Trading
18.40
18.41
1 Electronic Front-Running
18.42
18.43
A An Example
18.44
18.45
18.46
18.47
18.48
18.49
B Wealth Transfer Considerations
18.50
i Electronic Front-Running Narrows Spreads
18.51
18.52
ii Electronic Front-Running Helps Uninformed Investors and Hurts Informed Investors
18.53
18.54
18.55
18.56
iii The Ultimate Incidence of Electronic Front-Running
18.57
18.58
18.59
18.60
18.61
C Efficiency Considerations
18.62
i Improved Share Price Accuracy
18.63
18.64
ii Reduced Resources Going to HFT Activities
18.65
iii Allocation of Resources over Time and Allocation of Risk
18.66
18.67
D Taking Other Kinds of Informed Traders into Account
18.68
18.69
18.70
18.71
2 Slow Market Arbitrage
18.72
18.73
A An Example
18.74
18.75
18.76
B Wealth Transfer Effects
18.77
18.78
18.79
18.80
C Efficiency Considerations
18.81
18.82
18.83
3 High-Frequency Trading and Volatility
18.84
A General Increase in Volatility
18.85
18.86
B The Flash Crash
18.87
18.88
18.89
18.90
C Wealth-Transfer Considerations
18.91
D Efficiency Considerations
18.92
18.93
III Dark Pools and Internalization
18.94
18.95
1 Understanding the Function of Dark Pools
18.96
18.97
18.98
2 The Question of Whether Even Honestly Operated ‘Ideal’ Dark Pools Are Socially Desirable
18.99
18.100
3 Practices Damaging Traders Using Dark Pools
18.101
18.102
4 Internalization
18.103
18.104
IV Conclusions: Reflections on Issues Raised by MiFID II
18.105
1 Dark Pools and an Effective Price-Formation Process
18.106
18.107
18.108
18.109
18.110
18.111
18.112
2 HFTs: Price Volatility and Market Abuse
18.113
A Price Volatility
18.114
18.115
18.116
18.117
B Market Abuse
18.118
18.119
18.120
18.121
3 Trading Venue Competition
18.122
18.123
18.124
18.125
18.126
18.127
Part IV Supervision and Enforcement
19 Public Enforcement of MiFID II
Preliminary Material
I Introductory Remarks
1 The ‘Twin Legal Acts’: MiFID II and MiFIR
19.01
19.02
19.03
19.04
19.05
19.06
II Structure of the Study
19.07
19.08
19.09
19.10
III Competent Authorities: General Aspects, Powers, and Redress Procedures
1 General Aspects
A Designation of Competent Authorities
19.11
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15
B Cooperation between Authorities in the Same Member State
19.16
19.17
19.18
C Professional Secrecy
19.19
19.20
19.21
19.22
19.23
D Relations with Auditors
19.24
19.25
19.26
2 Supervisory Powers
A General Provisions
i Rationale and Member States’ Notification Obligation
19.27
19.28
19.29
ii The Specific Supervisory Powers under Article 69 MiFID II
19.30
19.31
19.32
19.33
19.34
19.35
19.36
B Exercise of Supervisory Powers
19.37
19.38
19.39
3 Power to Impose Administrative Sanctions and Measures as well as Criminal Sanctions
A General Provisions
i The Obligations Imposed on Member States and Their Exemptions
19.40
19.41
19.42
19.43
19.44
19.45
19.46
ii Infringements of the Twin Legal Acts—Administrative Sanctions and Measures under Article 70 MiFID II
19.47
19.48
19.49
19.50
19.51
19.52
19.53
B Exercise of the Power to Impose Administrative Sanctions and Measures
19.54
19.55
C Publication of Decisions Imposing Administrative Sanctions and Measures as well as Criminal Sanctions
i General Provisions
19.56
19.57
19.58
19.59
19.60
19.61
19.62
ii Notification and Reporting Requirements
Introductory Remarks
19.63
19.64
19.65
The General Obligation
19.66
Requirements Pertaining to Administrative Sanctions and Measures Imposed and Published
19.67
19.68
Requirements Pertaining to Administrative Sanctions Imposed but Not Published
19.69
19.70
Requirements Pertaining to Criminal Sanctions Imposed
19.71
19.72
19.73
19.74
4 Redress Procedures
A Reporting of Infringements
19.75
19.76
19.77
B Right of Appeal
19.78
19.79
C Extra-Judicial Mechanism for Consumers’ Complaints
19.80
19.81
19.82
IV Cooperation Arrangements
1 Cooperation between the Member States’ Competent Authorities
A Obligation to Cooperate
i General Provisions
19.83
19.84
19.85
19.86
19.87
19.88
19.89
19.90
ii Substantial Importance of a Trading Venue in a Host Member State
19.91
19.92
19.93
19.94
19.95
19.96
iii Specific Provisions on Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Markets and Agricultural Commodity Derivatives
19.97
19.98
B In Particular: Cooperation for Supervisory Activities, On-Site Verifications, or Investigations
19.99
19.100
C Exchange of Information
19.101
19.102
19.103
19.104
19.105
19.106
19.107
19.108
D Binding Mediation and Its Exemptions
19.109
19.110
19.111
E Consultation Prior to Authorization
19.112
19.113
19.114
19.115
2 Powers of Host Member States’ Competent Authorities
A Powers with Regard to Branches Operating Under Freedom of Establishment
19.116
19.117
B Precautionary Measures by Host Member States’ Competent Authorities
19.118
19.119
19.120
19.121
19.122
19.123
3 Cooperation with Third Countries
19.124
19.125
19.126
V Concluding Remarks and Assessment
19.127
19.128
19.129
19.130
19.131
19.132
19.133
19.134
20 The Private Law Effect of MiFID I and MiFID II: The Genil Case and Beyond
Preliminary Material
I General
20.01
20.02
II May Civil Courts Be Less Strict Than MiFID I and MiFID II?
20.03
20.04
III May Civil Courts Be Stricter Than MiFID I and MiFID II?
1 General
20.05
2 Nationale-Nederlanden v Van Leeuwen
A Facts
20.06
20.07
20.08
20.09
B Legal Framework
20.10
20.11
20.12
20.13
C Questions Referred for a Preliminary Ruling
20.14
D Are there Duties to Furnish Additional Information on the Basis of Reasonableness and Fairness?
20.15
20.16
20.17
3 May Civil Courts Thus Be Stricter Than MiFID?
20.18
20.19
20.20
IV May Contracting Parties Be Less Strict Than MiFID I and MiFID II?
20.21
V May Contracting Parties Be Stricter Than MiFID I and MiFID II?
20.22
20.23
20.24
20.25
20.26
20.27
VI Influence of MiFID I and MiFID II on the Principle of Relativity
20.28
20.29
VII Influence of MiFID I and MiFID II on Proof of Causation
20.30
20.31
20.32
20.33
20.34
20.35
VIII Influence of MiFID I and MiFID II on a Contractual Limitation or Exclusion of Liability
20.36
20.37
20.38
IX MiFID I and MiFID II Assessments by the Courts of Their Own Motion in Relation to Private Investors?
20.39
X Conclusion
20.40
Part V The Broader View and the Future of MiFID
21 MiFID II In Relation to Other Investor Protection Regulation: Picking Up The Crumbs of a Piecemeal Approach
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
21.01
21.02
21.03
II MiFID II versus IDD
1 Background
21.04
21.05
21.06
2 The Structure of the IDD Conduct of Business Rules
21.07
A IDD General Conduct of Business Rules
21.08
21.09
21.10
21.11
B Additional IDD Conduct of Business Requirements for Insurance-Based Investment Products Only
21.12
21.13
21.14
3 Main Differences Between IDD and MiFID II Conduct of Business Rules
21.15
21.16
21.17
21.18
21.19
21.20
21.21
21.22
21.23
21.24
4 Conclusion on the MiFID II–IDD Nexus
21.25
21.26
III MiFID II and IDD versus UCITS KII and PRIIPs KID
21.27
1 MiFID II and IDD Information Obligations on Costs versus UCITS KII and PRIIPs KID
21.28
21.29
21.30
21.31
21.32
21.33
21.34
2 Product Risk Assessment
21.35
A The Product Risk Indicator
21.36
21.37
B Risk Assessment and Product Governance
21.38
21.39
21.40
21.41
21.42
C Risk Assessment and Suitability
21.43
21.44
21.45
21.46
3 Conclusion with Respect to the MiFID II/IDD–PRIIPs/UCITS Nexus
21.47
21.48
21.49
21.50
21.51
IV Cross-Selling Practices
21.52
21.53
21.54
21.55
21.56
V Conclusion
21.57
21.58
21.59
21.60
21.61
21.62
22 Shadow Banking and the Functioning of Financial Markets
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
22.01
22.02
22.03
22.04
22.05
22.06
22.07
22.08
22.09
II Shadow Banking: Concept and Terminology
22.10
22.11
22.12
22.13
22.14
22.15
22.16
III Non-Regulated Activity According to the FSB Approach
22.17
22.18
22.19
22.20
22.21
22.22
22.23
22.24
22.25
22.26
IV What Financial Activity is not Subject to Banking Supervision?
22.27
22.28
22.29
22.30
22.31
22.32
22.33
22.34
V The European Response to Shadow Banking
22.35
22.36
22.37
1 Measures Addressing the Banks
22.38
A Credit Risk Concentration on Shadow Banking Entities
22.39
B Securitization
22.40
22.41
22.42
22.43
C EU Measures Relating to Securitization
22.44
22.45
22.46
22.47
22.48
22.49
22.50
22.51
22.52
22.53
22.54
22.55
22.56
22.57
22.58
22.59
22.60
22.61
22.62
2 Measures Relating to Mandatory Clearing for OTC Derivatives (EMIR)
22.63
22.64
22.65
22.66
22.67
22.68
22.69
22.70
22.71
22.72
22.73
22.74
3 The Short-Selling Regulation
22.75
22.76
22.77
22.78
4 Money Market Funds (MMFs)
22.79
22.80
22.81
22.82
22.83
22.84
22.85
22.86
5 CSDR
22.87
22.88
22.89
22.90
22.91
22.92
22.93
22.94
22.95
22.96
22.97
22.98
22.99
6 Securities Financing Transactions
22.100
22.101
22.102
22.103
22.104
22.105
22.106
22.107
22.108
7 The Changes to the Prospectus Regime
22.109
22.110
22.111
22.112
22.113
22.114
22.115
22.116
22.117
22.118
22.119
22.120
8 New Forms of Direct Financing
A Marketplace Lending, Unregulated Financing, and Other New Forms of Financing
22.121
22.122
22.123
B Crowdfunding
22.124
22.125
22.126
22.127
22.128
22.129
22.130
22.131
VI Conclusion
22.132
22.133
22.134
22.135
22.136
22.137
22.138
22.139
22.140
22.141
23 Investment-Based Crowdfunding: Is MiFID II Enough?
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
23.01
23.02
23.03
II Benefits, Risks, and Challenges
1 Expected Benefits
23.04
23.05
23.06
2 Main Risks
23.07
23.08
23.09
23.10
3 Key Challenges
23.11
III MiFID I
23.12
1 Financial Instrument
23.13
23.14
2 Investment Service
23.15
23.16
23.17
IV National Approaches to Crowdfunding
23.18
1 Is MiFID Too Much?
23.19
A The UK Model
23.20
B Spanish Rejection of MiFID
23.21
C French and Italian Middle Course
23.22
23.23
D The Fragmented German Approach
23.24
23.25
2 Common Focus on Disclosure Obligations
23.26
23.27
23.28
3 Special Requirements
23.29
23.30
23.31
23.32
23.33
V MiFID II
1 A Response to the Great Financial Crisis
23.34
23.35
23.36
2 Definitions and Exemptions
23.37
23.38
23.39
23.40
23.41
3 Tied Agents and OTFs
23.42
23.43
23.44
4 EU Passport and Applicable Law
23.45
23.46
A Crowdfunding as an Investment Service
23.47
23.48
B Crowdfunding as a Different Type of Service
23.49
23.50
23.51
5 Policy Considerations
23.52
23.53
23.54
VI Concluding Remarks
23.55
23.56
23.57
23.58
23.59
Further Material
Index
Sign up for alerts
Author Biographies
Edited By: Danny Busch, Guido Ferrarini
From:
Regulation of the EU Financial Markets: MiFID II and MiFIR
Edited By: Danny Busch, Guido Ferrarini
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Financial Law [FBL]
Published in print:
12 January 2017
ISBN:
9780198767671
Prev
|
Next
[34.239.152.207]
34.239.152.207