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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Foreword
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents—Summary
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
UK Legislation
Statutes
Statutory Instruments
International Legislation
EU Legislation
Treaties and Conventions
Regulations
National Legislation
Australia
Canada
Hong Kong
New Zealand
Singapore
South Africa
Main Text
1 Introduction
Preliminary Material
1.01
1.02
A Jurisdictional Overview
Maritime claims
1.03
1.04
Claims enforceable only in personam
1.05
The residual jurisdiction
1.06
1.07
1.08
Procedural jurisdiction
1.09
B The Action In Rem Introduced
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
C Issues of Procedure and Dispute Resolution
1.15
1.16
D A Comparative Overview
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
2 The Nature and Scope of the Modern Admiralty Action
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
B The Modern Action In Rem
Preliminary observations
2.05
2.06
The characteristics of the action in rem
2.07
2.08
The functions of the action in rem
2.09
The categories of in rem claims
2.10
‘Proprietary’ maritime claims
2.11
Maritime liens
2.12
General maritime claims
2.13
Some claims relating to aircraft
2.14
Maritime liens and statutory actions in rem
2.15
2.16
Maritime liens
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
Statutory actions in rem
2.23
2.24
2.25
C The Competing Theories of the Nature of the Action In Rem
2.26
The personification theory
2.27
2.28
2.29
The procedural theory
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
The Indian Grace (No 2)
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
D The ‘True Nature’ of the Modern Action In Rem
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
E Overview of the Mode of Exercise of Admiralty Jurisdiction
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
The meaning of ‘ship’
2.66
‘Vessel’
2.67
‘Used in navigation’
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
The meaning of ‘property’
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
2.82
F Claims Enforceable Only In Personam
2.83
Damage received by a ship
2.84
2.85
2.86
Limitation claims
2.87
Applications under the Merchant Shipping Acts
2.88
3 Proprietary Maritime Claims
Preliminary Material
A The Jurisdictional Foundation for Proprietary Maritime Claims
3.01
3.02
Claims to ownership or possession (section 20(2)(a))
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
Questions arising between co-owners (section 20(2)(b))
3.07
3.08
3.09
Claims in respect of a mortgage or charge (section 20(2)(c))
3.10
3.11
Claims for the forfeiture or condemnation of a ship or goods (section 20(2)(s))
3.12
3.13
B The Approach to Proprietary Claims in Other Jurisdictions
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
4 Maritime Liens (and ‘other Charges’)
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
B The Regime Applicable to the Enforcement of Maritime Liens
Preliminary considerations
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
The transfer or assignment of maritime liens
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
C The Maritime Liens Recognized in English Law
Claims for damage done by a ship
4.17
4.18
Damage done by those engaged in the navigation or management
4.19
4.20
The ship as the noxious instrument
4.21
Damage external to the ship
4.22
Claims for personal injury and death
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
Claims for salvage
4.28
4.29
4.30
Claims for seamen’s wages
4.31
4.32
4.33
Meaning of ‘seamen’
4.34
Service not contract
4.35
4.36
Scope of ‘wages’
4.37
Not wages
4.38
4.39
4.40
Claims for master’s wages and disbursements
4.41
Meaning of ‘master’
4.42
4.43
Meaning of ‘disbursements’
4.44
4.45
Necessaries
4.46
Bottomry and respondentia
4.47
4.48
D Foreign Maritime Liens
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
5 General Maritime Claims
Preliminary Material
A The Scope of the General Maritime Claims
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
B The Conditions Relating to In Personam Liability
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09
5.10
5.11
5.12
The ‘relevant person’
5.13
5.14
The meaning of the phrase ‘would be liable … in personam ’
5.15
The concept of ‘ownership’
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
The meaning of ‘charterer’
5.22
The meaning of ‘demise charterer’
5.23
The meaning of ‘beneficial owner’
5.24
5.25
5.26
The lifting of the corporate veil
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
C The Individual General Maritime Claims
5.35
Damage done by a ship
5.36
5.37
Loss of life or personal injury
5.38
5.39
5.40
Loss of or damage to goods carried in a ship
5.41
5.42
5.43
Agreements relating to the carriage of goods in or to the use or hire of a ship
5.44
Nature of remedy sought irrelevant
5.45
Meaning of ‘arising out of’ and ‘relating to’
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
5.51
Salvage
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
Towage and pilotage
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
Necessaries
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74
5.75
5.76
Construction, repair, or equipment of a ship or dock charges or dues
5.77
5.78
5.79
5.80
Wages
5.81
5.82
Disbursements made on account of a ship
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
General average
5.87
Bottomry
5.88
D Heads of Claim Recognized in Other Jurisdictions
5.89
5.90
5.91
E Claims Against Aircraft
5.92
5.93
6 Admiralty Procedure and the Arrest Process
Preliminary Material
6.01
A Sources of Admiralty Procedure
6.02
6.03
B Features of Admiralty Procedure
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
C The Admiralty Marshal
6.10
6.11
6.12
D The Procedure Applicable to Claims In Personam
6.13
6.14
E The Procedure Applicable to Claims In Rem
Commencement of a claim in rem
6.15
6.16
6.17
Service of a claim form in rem
6.18
6.19
Renewal of a claim form in rem
6.20
6.21
Acknowledgement of service of a claim in rem
Generally
6.22
In relation to challenges to the jurisdiction
6.23
6.24
In relation to disputes regarding security
6.25
Judgment in default
6.26
6.27
6.28
Summary judgment
6.29
Challenges to the jurisdiction
6.30
No jurisdiction under sections 20 to 21 of the Senior Courts Act 1981
6.31
Applications under the European legislation
6.32
6.33
Foreign jurisdiction clauses
6.34
Section 34 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982
6.35
Forum non conveniens
6.36
Waiver and submission
6.37
6.38
Preservation of security
6.39
Procedure subsequent to acknowledgement of service
6.40
6.41
References to the Registrar
6.42
6.43
Agency
6.44
6.45
Interest
6.46
F The Procedure Applicable to Arrest
Entitlement to arrest
6.47
6.48
6.49
6.50
6.51
6.52
6.53
6.54
6.55
6.56
Cautions against arrest
6.57
6.58
Procedure for obtaining an arrest warrant
6.59
6.60
6.61
6.62
6.63
6.64
Validity of arrest warrant
6.65
Service of arrest warrant
6.66
Manner of arrest
6.67
6.68
6.69
One claim/one ship
6.70
6.71
6.72
6.73
6.74
6.75
6.76
Impact of human rights legislation on arrest procedure
6.77
6.78
G Proceedings Concerning the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund
6.79
6.80
7 Post-Arrest Procedure
Preliminary Material
A The Effect of Arrest
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
B Insurance
7.06
7.07
C Joinder of Parties
7.08
D Subsequent In Rem Proceedings
7.09
E Applications Relating to Undertakings
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
F The Provision of Security
7.15
Form of security
7.16
7.17
Amount of security
7.18
Variation of the security terms
7.19
7.20
7.21
G Release from Arrest
Cautions against release
7.22
7.23
Release
7.24
7.25
H Rearrest
7.26
7.27
I Applications Relating to the Discharge of Cargo
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
J Applications Relating to the Loading of Cargo
7.36
7.37
K Applications Relating to the Discharge of the Ship when the Cargo is Arrested
7.38
L Applications Relating to the Crew
7.39
7.40
7.41
7.42
The Marshal’s position
7.43
7.44
7.45
7.46
The employment relationship
7.47
7.48
The continued presence of the crew on board
7.49
7.50
7.51
7.52
7.53
7.54
M Appraisement and Sale
7.55
7.56
7.57
7.58
Sale pendente lite
7.59
7.60
7.61
Private sale before order
7.62
The sale process
7.63
Stopping the sale process
7.64
The proceeds of sale and the determination of priorities
7.65
7.66
The effect of judicial sale
7.67
7.68
7.69
7.70
N Applications Relating to Wrongful Arrest
7.71
7.72
7.73
7.74
7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.79
7.80
7.81
7.82
7.83
8 Distribution of the Fund
Preliminary Material
A Priorities
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
The priority ranking of maritime claims
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
The prima facie ranking
8.09
8.10
8.11
New Zealand
8.12
South Africa
8.13
Actions on judgments and awards
8.14
The classes in detail
The Admiralty Marshal’s costs and expenses
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
Costs of the producers of the fund
8.20
8.21
8.22
Maritime liens
8.23
The salvage lien
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
The damage lien
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
Wages’ lien
8.34
8.35
8.36
Disbursements’ lien
8.37
Mortgages
8.38
The ranking of mortgages inter se
8.39
8.40
8.41
Statutory rights of action in rem
8.42
Effect of contractual security on priority
8.43
8.44
8.45
Ranking of claims where sister-ship arrest
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49
Ranking of claims where there is a possessory lien
8.50
8.51
8.52
Ranking of claims where there is a statutory power of detention
8.53
8.54
Reopening the question of priorities
8.55
B Insolvency Issues
8.56
8.57
8.58
8.59
Issue of proceedings prior to petition for winding-up
8.60
8.61
Issue of proceedings after petition for winding-up
8.62
8.63
8.64
8.65
8.66
8.67
8.68
8.69
8.70
8.71
Recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings
8.72
The European Insolvency Regulation
8.73
The Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations
8.74
8.75
8.76
Section 426
8.77
Common law
8.78
8.79
8.80
8.81
9 Procedure in Collision Cases
Preliminary Material
A Procedure
9.01
9.02
Commencement of a collision claim
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
Time limit for commencement of action
9.07
9.08
9.09
9.10
9.11
9.12
Service and arrest
9.13
Acknowledgement of service
9.14
Objections to jurisdiction
9.15
Collision statements of case (Preliminary Acts)
9.16
9.17
Purpose
9.18
Form
9.19
9.20
Filing and service
9.21
Amendment
9.22
Dispensing with collision statements of case
9.23
9.24
9.25
Judgment in default
9.26
Agency
9.27
Counterclaims and security
9.28
Costs in collision cases
The default position
9.29
Offers to settle
9.30
9.31
On appeal
9.32
B Assessors
9.33
9.34
9.35
Assessors and expert evidence
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
Assessors on appeal
9.40
The treatment of assessors’ evidence
9.41
9.42
Assessors’ remuneration
9.43
Assessors in other jurisdictions
9.44
C Collision Cases in the Computer Age
9.45
9.46
9.47
9.48
10 Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
Preliminary considerations
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
The exercise and nature of the right to limit
10.08
10.09
10.10
Historical outline
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
The 1976 Convention
10.16
10.17
The Athens Convention
10.18
10.19
10.20
B The Statutory Regimes
The United Kingdom—the Merchant Shipping Act 1995
10.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
The Australian limitation of liability regime
10.26
10.27
10.28
The Canadian limitation of liability regime
10.29
10.30
The Hong Kong limitation of liability regime
10.31
10.32
The New Zealand limitation of liability regime
10.33
10.34
10.35
The Singapore limitation of liability regime
10.36
10.37
The South African limitation of liability regime
10.38
10.39
C The Principles Applicable to Limitation of Liability
Persons entitled to limit liability
10.40
Shipowners
10.41
10.42
Charterers
10.43
10.44
Slot charterers
10.45
Managers
10.46
10.47
Salvors
10.48
Others
10.49
10.50
10.51
Mortgagees
10.52
Insurers
10.53
Australia
10.54
Canada
10.55
10.56
Hong Kong
10.57
New Zealand
10.58
10.59
10.60
Singapore
10.61
South Africa
10.62
10.63
Claims subject to limitation of liability
10.64
10.65
‘… consequential loss …’
10.66
10.67
10.68
10.69
Damage to the vessel
10.70
10.71
10.72
10.73
10.74
10.75
10.76
10.77
10.78
Costs
10.79
Australia
10.80
10.81
Canada
10.82
10.83
10.84
Hong Kong
10.85
New Zealand
10.86
Singapore
10.87
South Africa
10.88
10.89
Claims exempt from limitation
10.90
10.91
Australia
10.92
Canada
10.93
Hong Kong
10.94
10.95
New Zealand
10.96
10.97
Singapore
10.98
South Africa
10.99
Conduct barring limitation
10.100
10.101
10.102
10.103
10.104
Australia
10.105
Canada
10.106
Hong Kong
10.107
New Zealand
10.108
10.109
Singapore
10.110
South Africa
10.111
The limitation amounts
10.112
10.113
10.114
10.115
10.116
‘Distinct occasion’
10.117
10.118
10.119
10.120
10.121
10.122
Measurement of ships
10.123
10.124
10.125
10.126
10.127
Cross claims
10.128
10.129
10.130
Australia
10.131
10.132
Canada
10.133
10.134
Hong Kong
10.135
10.136
10.137
New Zealand
10.138
10.139
Singapore
10.140
10.141
South Africa
10.142
10.143
Reservations
10.144
10.145
10.146
10.147
10.148
10.149
D Jurisdiction to Bring a Limitation Claim
Introduction
10.150
10.151
Invoking the right to limit
10.152
10.153
10.154
10.155
The location of limitation proceedings
10.156
10.157
Lis pendens
10.158
10.159
10.160
E Limitation Procedure
The distinction between limitation as a defence and as a decree
10.161
Commencement of a claim
10.162
Service of the claim form
10.163
10.164
10.165
Acknowledgement of service
10.166
10.167
Defence or notice admitting right to limit
10.168
Restricted limitation decree
10.169
General limitation decree
10.170
10.171
Consequences of—and challenges to—the grant of a limitation decree
10.172
Advertisement
10.173
Claiming against the fund
10.174
Challenging the decree
10.175
10.176
Manner of constitution of the limitation fund
10.177
10.178
10.179
10.180
Effect of constitution of the limitation fund
10.181
10.182
10.183
10.184
Distribution of the fund
10.185
10.186
Interest
10.187
Costs
10.188
Australian procedure
10.189
10.190
10.191
10.192
10.193
10.194
Canadian procedure
10.195
10.196
Hong Kong procedure
10.197
10.198
New Zealand procedure
10.199
Singapore procedure
10.200
10.201
10.202
South African procedure
10.203
F The Effect of a Limitation Decree in Other Countries
Preliminary remarks
10.204
10.205
Within the EU
10.206
At common law
10.207
10.208
10.209
G The Effect of the Owner’s Insolvency on the Constitution of a Limitation Fund
10.210
10.211
11 Arbitration Issues
Preliminary Material
A Introduction
11.01
11.02
11.03
B The Arbitration Act 1996
Overview
11.04
Arbitrations to which the 1996 Act applies
11.05
11.06
The objects of the Act
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
C The Objects Explored
Fair resolution of disputes without unnecessary expense or delay
11.11
The London Maritime Arbitrators’ Association
11.12
11.13
11.14
Other arbitral organizations
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.20
Party autonomy
Powers of the arbitral tribunal
11.21
Powers of the court
11.22
Confidentiality and privacy
Source
11.23
Nature
11.24
11.25
11.26
11.27
11.28
11.29
Scope
11.30
11.31
11.32
11.33
Related court hearings
11.34
11.35
11.36
11.37
Publication of judgments
11.38
11.39
11.40
Minimal court interference
Rights of appeal
11.41
11.42
Stay of the proceedings
11.43
11.44
11.45
11.46
11.47
11.48
11.49
11.50
11.51
11.52
11.53
11.54
Anti-suit injunctions
11.55
11.56
11.57
11.58
11.59
11.60
Further Material
Appendix 1 Admiralty Court Act, 1840
(3 & 4 Vict c 65)
3 Whenever a vessel shall be arrested, etc., court to have jurisdiction over claims of mortgagees
4 Court to decide questions of title, etc.
6 The court in certain cases may adjudicate, etc.
22 Jurisdiction to try questions concerning booty of war
23 Jurisdiction of courts of law and equity not taken away
Appendix 2 Admiralty Court Act, 1861
[24 Vict c 10]
1 Short title
2 Interpretation of terms
3 Commencement of Act
4 As to claims for building, equipping, or repairing of ships
5 As to claims for necessaries supplied to ships
6 As to claims for damage to cargo imported
7 As to claims for damage done by ships
8 As to questions touching ownership, etc., of ships
9 Extending 17 & 18 Vict c 104 as to claims for salvage of life
10 As to claims for wages and for disbursements by master of a ship
11 As to claims in respect of registered mortgages
12 Sections 62 to 65 of 17 & 18 Vict c 104 extended to Court of Admiralty
13 Part 9 of 17 & 18 Vict c 104, extended to Court of Admiralty
14 Court to be a court of record
15 Decrees of Court of Admiralty
16 Proceedings where a claim is made to goods taken in execution
17 Powers of Superior Courts extended to Court of Admiralty
18 Party in Court of Admiralty may apply for an order for inspection by Trinity Masters
33 Bail may be taken in the Court of Admiralty for the Court of Appeal, etc.
34 Hearing of cross causes
35 Jurisdiction of the court
Appendix 3 Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5.) CHAPTER 49
Part II Jurisdiction and Law
22.—(1)
Appendix 4 Administration of Justice Act, 1956
1956 (4 & 5 ELIZ. 2) CHAPTER 46
Part I Admiralty Jurisdiction and other Provisions as to Ships
1.—(1)
3.—(1)
4.—(1)
5.—(1)
6
Appendix 5 Senior Courts Act, 1981 (UK) [latest version amended 2005]
20 Admiralty jurisdiction of High Court
21 Mode of exercise of Admiralty jurisdiction
22 Restrictions on entertainment of actions in personam in collision and other similar cases
23 High Court not to have jurisdiction in cases within Rhine Convention
24 Supplementary provisions as to Admiralty jurisdiction
25 Probate jurisdiction of High Court
26 Matrimonial jurisdiction of High Court
27 Prize jurisdiction of High Court
Appendix 6 Web Addresses for Non-UK Admiralty Statutes
Appendix 7 Admiralty Court Forms
Appendix 8 The Arrest Conventions of 1952 and 1999
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.10
A Comparison between the 1952 and 1999 Conventions
Index
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Appendix 2 Admiralty Court Act, 1861
Sarah C. Derrington, James M. Turner
From:
The Law and Practice of Admiralty Matters (2nd Edition)
Sarah Derrington, James M Turner QC
Content type:
Book content
Product:
International Commercial Law [ICML]
Published in print:
24 March 2016
ISBN:
9780198729556
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[44.192.92.49]
44.192.92.49