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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface to the Second Edition
Contents—Summary
Contents
Table of Cases
Australia
Canada
European Court of Human Rights
European Union
Hong Kong
International Court of Justice
Philippines
Singapore
United Kingdom (including Privy Council cases)
United States
Table of Legislation and Documents
Australia
Council of Europe
European Community/Union/Schengen
Directives
Regulations
Decisions
Council Positions
France
International Bodies
New Zealand
Taiwan
United Kingdom
United States
Code of Federal Regulations
United States Codes
Executive Orders
List of Abbreviations
General
Publications
List of Editors and Contributors
Main Text
Part I The International Law of Tainted Money
1 General Introduction: Some Problems Relating to the Role of International Law
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
2 International Legal Sources I—the United Nations Conventions
Preliminary Material
2.1 Introduction
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.2 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988)
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.3 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999)
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.4 Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (2000)
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.5 Convention against Corruption (2003)
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.6 Influence of the UN Conventions on Development of Domestic Law and Practice
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.7 Domestic Law Significance of the UN Conventions
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.8 Additional Considerations for the UN Conventions
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
3 International Legal Sources II—the United Nations Security Council Resolutions
Preliminary Material
3.1 Introduction
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.2 UN Security Council Resolutions
3.2.1 SC Resolution 1267 (1999)
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.2.2 SC Resolutions 1988 and 1989 (2011)
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.2.3 SC Resolutions 2253 and 2255 (2015)
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.2.4 FATF Recommendations
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.3 Domestic Law Significance—SC Resolution 1267 (1999) and Related Resolutions
3.3.1 The Al-Qaida and Taliban Orders
3.27
3.28
3.3.2 Ahmed and others v HM Treasury
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.3.3 High Court and Court of Appeal
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.3.4 Supreme Court
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.4 Some Observations on the Legal Challenges relating to SC Resolution 1267 (1999) and Related Resolutions
3.4.1 International legal framework
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.4.2 Fundamental rights
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
3.5 UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001)
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
3.71
3.6 Domestic Law Significance—SC Resolution 1373 (2001)
3.6.1 Terrorism orders
3.72
3.73
3.6.2 Ahmed and others v HM Treasury (continued)
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.7 Some Observations on the Legal Challenges relating to SC Resolution 1373 (2001)
3.7.1 Legislative action
3.79
3.80
3.7.2 Parliamentary sovereignty and separation of powers
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.87
4 International Legal Sources III—FATF Recommendations
Preliminary Material
4.1 Introduction
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.2 FATF Recommendations as the International Standard
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.3 Key Requirements of the FATF Recommendations
4.3.1 Core areas of the FATF 40+9 Recommendations
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.3.2 New requirements from the FATF Recommendations
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.4 Mutual Evaluations and Assessments
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.5 Observations on the FATF Recommendations
4.5.1 FATF Recommendations as ‘soft law’
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.5.2 Financial intelligence units
4.32
4.33
4.34
5 International Legal Sources IV—the European Union and the Council of Europe
Preliminary Material
5.1 Introduction
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.2 Sanctions
5.07
5.08
5.09
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.2.1 UN-mandated sanctions
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.2.1.1 EU implementation of UN sanctions
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.2.1.2 Legal challenges to EU implementation of UN sanctions
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.2.2 Autonomous EU sanctions
5.50
5.2.2.1 In general
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.2.2.2 Legal challenges to autonomous EU sanctions
5.58
5.59
5.60
5.3 Money Laundering
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.3.1 Framework decisions
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.3.2 Directives
5.74
5.3.2.1 Fourth Money Laundering Directive
5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79
5.80
5.3.2.2 Directive on Freezing and Confiscation of Proceeds of Crime
5.81
5.4 The Council of Europe
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
5.87
5.88
5.89
5.90
5.91
5.92
5.93
5.94
5.95
6 International Legal Sources V—the UN Security Council Delisting Procedure
Preliminary Material
6.1 Introduction
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.2 Origin of the Delisting Procedure
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.3 How Requests for Delisting can be Made
6.09
6.3.1 Requests through the Office of the Ombudsperson
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.3.2 Requests by states
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.3.3 Requests by the designating state or states
6.22
6.23
6.4 Standards of Review and Evidence
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.5 Assessment
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.6 Conclusion
6.40
6.41
Part II Public Obligations and Regulatory Responsibilities
A Offences
7 Money Laundering Offences under POCA 2002
Preliminary Material
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Estimated scale of money laundering
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.1.2 Tackling money laundering
7.05
7.06
7.1.3 Current rules, commencement, and transitional provisions
7.07
7.08
7.2 A Brief History of UK Money Laundering Legislation
7.2.1 The position prior to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.2.2 Current money laundering statutory provisions
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.2.3 EU instruments against money laundering
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.2.4 Law versus ‘relevant guidance’
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.2.5 The ‘regulated sector’—when does it become relevant?
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.3 Words, Phrases, and Concepts (POCA 2002)
7.3.1 ‘Money laundering’
7.38
7.39
7.40
7.3.2 ‘Money laundering offence’
7.41
7.3.3 Criminal conduct
7.42
7.43
7.44
7.3.4 Criminal property
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.3.4.1 Proving property was derived from crime
7.50
7.51
7.3.4.2 Ascertaining the moment at which property becomes ‘criminal property’
7.52
7.53
7.54
7.55
7.56
7.3.4.3 Intending to use lawfully acquired property for a crime
7.57
7.58
7.59
7.3.5 The concept of ‘benefit’
7.60
7.61
7.62
7.3.6 The meaning of ‘suspicion’
7.63
7.64
7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.3.7 ‘Reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting’
7.69
7.70
7.71
7.72
7.73
7.74
7.3.8 Proof of suspicion and treaty obligations
7.75
7.4 The Three Principal Money Laundering Offences
7.4.1 Breadth of the three money laundering offences (sections 327 to 329 POCA)
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.4.1.1 Sentencing
7.79
7.4.2 Offence: ‘Conceals, disguises; converts, transfers’ (section 327 POCA)
7.4.2.1 The statutory provisions
7.80
7.81
7.82
7.83
7.84
7.4.2.2 Mental elements (guilty mind)
7.85
7.86
7.87
7.4.2.3 Defences
7.88
7.89
7.4.2.4 Penalty
7.90
7.91
7.4.3 Offence: ‘concerned in an arrangement’ (section 328 POCA)
7.4.3.1 The statutory provisions
7.92
7.4.3.2 History of the offence
7.93
7.94
7.95
7.4.3.3 Conduct elements
7.96
7.97
7.98
7.99
7.100
7.101
7.102
7.4.3.4 Mental elements
7.103
7.104
7.105
7.106
7.107
7.108
7.109
7.4.3.5 The statutory defences and burden of proof
7.110
7.4.3.6 Penalty
7.111
7.112
7.4.4 Offence: ‘acquisition, use or possession’ (section 329 POCA)
7.4.4.1 The statutory provisions
7.113
7.4.4.2 History of the offence
7.114
7.4.4.3 Conduct elements
7.115
7.4.4.4 Mental elements
7.116
7.4.4.5 Exceptions/defences
7.117
7.4.4.6 Defence of adequate consideration
7.118
7.119
7.120
7.121
7.122
7.4.4.7 Penalty
7.123
7.124
7.5 Authorized Disclosures
7.125
7.126
7.127
7.128
7.129
7.130
7.131
7.132
7.133
7.134
7.135
7.136
7.137
7.138
7.6 The Position of the Nominated Officer
7.139
7.140
7.141
7.142
7.143
7.144
7.6.1 Form and manner of disclosure
7.145
7.146
7.6.2 Territorial extent of sections 327 to 329
7.147
7.148
7.149
7.7 Other Offences
7.7.1 Offence: failure to disclose: regulated sector (section 330 POCA)
7.7.1.1 Statutory provision
7.150
7.151
7.152
7.7.1.2 Discussion
7.153
7.154
7.155
7.156
7.157
7.7.1.3 Defences
7.158
7.159
7.160
7.161
7.162
7.7.1.4 Penalties
7.163
7.7.2 Offence: failure to disclose: nominated officers regulated sector (section 331 POCA)
7.164
7.7.2.1 Penalties
7.165
7.7.3 Offence: failure to disclose: other nominated officers (section 332 POCA)
7.166
7.7.3.1 Penalties
7.167
7.7.4 Offence: tipping off (section 333A POCA)
7.168
7.169
7.7.4.1 Defences
7.170
7.171
7.172
7.173
7.7.4.2 Penalty
7.174
7.8 Conduct in a Foreign Jurisdiction
7.175
7.8.1 The problem explained
7.176
7.177
7.178
7.179
7.180
7.9 Deposit-taking Bodies
7.181
7.182
7.183
7.184
7.10 Institutions and Professionals Required to Prevent Money Laundering
7.185
8 The Terrorism Acts and Conspiracy
Preliminary Material
8.1 Introduction to Terrorist Property
8.1.1 History
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.1.2 ‘Terrorism’ defined (TA 2000)
8.09
8.1.3 Terrorist offences (TA 2000)
8.10
8.2 Terrorism Offences, Defences, and Exceptions
8.2.1 Fund-raising: section 15 TA 2000
8.11
8.12
8.2.2 Use and possession of terrorist property: section 16 TA 2000
8.13
8.14
8.2.3 Funding arrangements: section 17 TA 2000
8.15
8.2.4 Insurance against payments made in response to terrorist demands
8.16
8.17
8.2.5 Facilitating the retention of terrorist property (‘money laundering’)
8.18
8.19
8.2.6 Disclosure of information
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.2.7 Exceptions to an offence committed under sections 15 to 18
8.26
8.2.8 Tipping off in the regulated sector
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.3 Conspiracy to Commit a Money Laundering Offence
8.35
8.3.1 Section 1 of the Criminal Law Act 1977
8.36
8.37
8.3.2 The Saik case
8.38
8.3.3 Property identified versus property not identified
8.39
8.40
8.3.4 Property identified: knowledge required
8.41
8.3.5 Implications of the Saik case
8.42
8.3.6 Multiple transactions
8.43
8.44
8.3.6.1 Why is there a ( Saik ) distinction between identified and unidentified property?
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.3.7 Facts or circumstances ‘necessary for the commission of an offence’
8.48
8.49
8.3.8 Section 1(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1977 and the defendant’s knowledge of his mens rea
8.50
8.51
8.3.9 Is knowledge relevant if the defendant intends to commit a crime?
8.52
8.53
8.54
8.55
8.56
8.57
8.3.10 Conspiracy and conditional intention
8.58
8.59
8.3.11 Types of conditional intention: ‘even if’/‘only if’
8.60
8.61
8.62
8.63
8.64
8.65
8.66
8.2.12 Compendious counts of conspiracy
8.67
8.68
8.3.13 Conspiracy and jurisdiction
8.69
8.70
B Sanctions and Regulatory Responsibilities
9 UK Sanctions Regimes
Preliminary Material
9.1 EU Regimes
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
9.08
9.09
9.2 UK Regimes
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.3 Extra-territorial Aspects
9.23
9.24
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29
10 Regulatory Responsibilities
Preliminary Material
10.1 Money Laundering Regulations 2007
10.1.1 Introduction
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
10.08
10.09
10.10
10.11
10.1.2 Customer due diligence
10.12
10.1.2.1 Content
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
10.1.2.2 Application
10.27
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.1.2.3 Reliance on third parties
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.1.3 Record-keeping, procedures, and training
10.34
10.35
10.36
10.37
10.1.4 Supervision and registration
10.38
10.39
10.40
10.41
10.1.5 Enforcement
10.1.5.1 Information-gathering
10.42
10.43
10.44
10.45
10.46
10.1.5.2 Penalties
10.47
10.48
10.49
10.50
10.2 FCA Handbook
10.51
10.52
10.53
10.54
10.55
10.56
10.57
10.58
10.59
10.60
10.61
10.62
10.63
10.64
10.3 JMLSG Guidance
10.3.1 Introduction
10.65
10.66
10.67
10.3.2 Senior management
10.68
10.3.3 Risk-based approach
10.69
10.70
10.71
10.3.4 Systems and procedures
10.3.4.1 Customer identification
10.72
10.73
10.74
10.3.4.2 Monitoring
10.75
10.76
10.3.4.3 Reporting
10.77
10.78
10.79
10.80
10.81
10.3.4.4 Staff awareness, training, and alertness
10.82
10.3.4.5 Record-keeping
10.83
Part III The Professions and Financial Crime
11 The Professions and Financial Crime
Preliminary Material
11.1 Introduction
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
11.2 Solicitors
11.2.1 Introduction
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.2.2 Solicitors’ obligations under the Money Laundering Regulations 2007
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.20
11.2.2.1 Customer due diligence
11.21
11.22
11.23
11.24
11.25
11.26
11.27
11.28
11.29
11.30
11.2.2.2 Record-keeping
11.31
11.32
11.33
11.34
11.35
11.2.2.3 Staff training and internal reporting
11.36
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
11.2.3 Solicitors’ obligations under POCA 2002
11.41
11.42
11.43
11.44
11.45
11.46
11.47
11.48
11.49
11.2.4 Solicitors’ obligations under the Terrorism Act 2000
11.50
11.51
11.3 Barristers
11.3.1 Introduction
11.52
11.53
11.54
11.55
11.56
11.57
11.3.2 Barristers’ obligations under the Money Laundering Regulations 2007
11.58
11.59
11.3.2.1 Application of the Money Laundering Regulations to barristers
11.60
11.61
11.62
11.63
11.64
11.65
11.66
11.67
11.3.2.2 Customer due diligence
11.68
11.69
11.70
11.71
11.72
11.73
11.74
11.75
11.76
11.77
11.78
11.79
11.3.2.3 Record-keeping and ongoing monitoring
11.80
11.81
11.3.2.4 Staff training and internal reporting
11.82
11.83
11.84
11.85
11.86
11.87
11.3.3 Barristers’ obligations under POCA 2002
11.88
11.89
11.90
11.3.4 Barristers’ obligations under the Terrorism Act 2000
11.91
11.92
11.93
11.94
11.95
11.96
11.4 Notaries and Financial Crime
11.97
11.98
11.99
11.5 Accountants
11.100
11.101
11.102
11.5.1 Accountants’ obligations under the Money Laundering Regulations 2007
11.103
11.104
11.105
11.5.2 Accountants’ obligations under POCA 2002
11.106
11.107
11.108
11.109
11.110
11.5.3 Accountants’ obligations under the Terrorism Act 2000
11.111
Part IV The Private Law of Financial Crime
12 Claims Arising under UK Private Law
Preliminary Material
12.1 Introduction
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.2 Claims Against Banks
12.2.1 Breach of mandate
12.05
12.06
12.07
12.08
12.09
12.10
12.11
12.2.2 Negligence in contract and tort
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.2.3 Money had and received
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.2.4 Knowing receipt and dishonest assistance
12.21
12.22
12.23
12.2.4.1 Knowing receipt
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.2.4.2 Dishonest assistance
12.30
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
12.36
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
12.41
12.42
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
12.47
12.2.5 Vicarious liability for fraud of employees
12.48
12.49
12.2.6 Freezing orders
12.50
12.51
12.52
12.53
12.54
12.55
12.56
12.57
12.2.7 Claims under section 138D of FSMA 2000
12.58
12.59
Part V Financial Wrongdoing and Private International Law
13 Introduction
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
13.05
13.06
13.07
13.08
13.09
13.10
13.11
13.12
13.13
14 Money Had and Received
Preliminary Material
14.1 Overview
14.01
14.2 Factual Scenario
14.02
14.3 Jurisdiction
14.3.1 The defendant Ms Y is domiciled in England
14.03
14.3.2 The defendant Ms Y is domiciled in another Member State
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.08
14.3.3 The defendant Ms Y is domiciled in a non-Member State but is temporarily present in England
14.09
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.14
14.3.4 The defendant Ms Y is domiciled in a non-Member State and is not present in England
14.15
14.16
14.17
14.4 Applicable Law
14.4.1 Characterization of the issue arising in the claim
14.18
14.19
14.20
14.21
14.22
14.23
14.24
14.25
14.26
15 Knowing Receipt
Preliminary Material
15.1 Overview
15.01
15.2 Factual Scenario
15.02
15.3 Jurisdiction
15.3.1 Exclusive jurisdiction if the equitable claim for knowing receipt is characterized as having as its object a right in rem in relation to immovable property
15.03
15.04
15.05
15.06
15.07
15.3.2 The defendant is domiciled in England
15.08
15.3.3 The defendant is domiciled in another Member State
15.09
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.3.4 The defendant is domiciled in a non-Member State but is temporarily present in England
15.14
15.15
15.16
15.3.5 The defendant is domiciled in a non-Member State and is not present in England
15.17
15.18
15.19
15.4 Applicable Law
15.4.1 The characterization of the issue of liability for knowing receipt
15.20
15.21
15.4.2 The law applicable to the issue of liability for knowing receipt
15.22
16 Dishonest Assistance
Preliminary Material
16.1 Overview
16.01
16.2 Factual Scenario
16.02
16.3 Jurisdiction
16.3.1 The defendant lawyer is domiciled in England
16.03
16.3.2 The defendant lawyer is domiciled in another Member State
16.04
16.05
16.06
16.07
16.08
16.09
16.3.3 The defendant lawyer is domiciled in a non-Member State but is temporarily present in England
16.10
16.3.4 The defendant lawyer is domiciled in a non-Member State and is not present in England
16.11
16.12
16.4 Applicable Law
16.4.1 The characterization of the issue of liability for dishonest assistance
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
16.17
16.4.2 The relevant choice of law rule for issues relating to tort
16.18
16.19
16.20
16.21
16.22
16.23
16.24
17 Deceit
Preliminary Material
17.1 Overview
17.01
17.2 Factual Scenario
17.02
17.3 Jurisdiction
17.3.1 The defendant supplier is domiciled in England
17.03
17.3.2 The defendant supplier is domiciled in another Member State
17.04
17.05
17.06
17.07
17.08
17.3.3 The defendant supplier is domiciled in a non-Member State
17.09
17.10
17.4 Applicable Law
17.11
17.12
18 Conspiracy
Preliminary Material
18.1 Overview
18.01
18.2 Factual Scenario
18.02
18.3 Jurisdiction
18.3.1 The defendants Messrs Q and R are domiciled in England
18.03
18.3.2 The defendant Mr Q is domiciled in England but Mr R is domiciled in another Member State or vice versa
18.04
18.05
18.3.3 The defendants Messrs Q and R are domiciled in other Member States
18.06
18.07
18.08
18.3.4 The defendants Messrs Q and R are domiciled in non-Member States but Mr Q is temporarily present in England
18.09
18.3.5 The defendants Messrs Q and R are domiciled in non-Member States and neither is present in England
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.4 Applicable Law
18.13
Part VI Providing and Obtaining Assistance
A Providing Assistance
19 Investigations and Remedies under POCA 2002
Preliminary Material
19.1 Introduction and Overview
19.01
19.1.1 The landscape before POCA 2002
19.02
19.03
19.04
19.05
19.06
19.1.2 Overview of the POCA framework
19.07
19.08
19.09
19.10
19.11
19.12
19.13
19.2 The Shape of the Challenge for Banks
19.14
19.2.1 Production orders
19.15
19.2.2 Customer information orders
19.16
19.2.3 Account monitoring orders
19.17
19.18
19.19
19.20
19.21
19.22
19.2.4 Search and seizure warrants
19.23
19.2.5 Confiscation and restraint
19.24
19.3 Production Orders
19.25
19.26
19.27
19.28
19.29
19.3.1 Applications
19.30
19.31
19.32
19.33
19.3.2 Entry onto premises
19.34
19.3.3 Duty to disclose
19.35
19.36
19.3.4 Retention of documents and copies
19.37
19.3.5 Information on a computer
19.38
19.3.6 Discharge and variation
19.39
19.40
19.3.7 Executing the order
19.41
19.42
19.3.8 Human Rights Act 1998
19.43
19.3.9 Further guidance under the Code of Practice
19.44
19.4 Search and Seizure Warrants
19.45
19.4.1 Applications
19.46
19.47
19.4.2 Where a production order is not available
19.48
19.49
19.50
19.51
19.52
19.53
19.54
19.4.3 Limits to search and seizure
19.55
19.56
19.4.4 Retention of documents and copies
19.57
19.58
19.4.5 Discharge and variation
19.59
19.4.6 Execution
19.60
19.5 Customer Information Orders
19.61
19.5.1 Applications
19.62
19.63
19.64
19.65
19.5.2 Customer information
19.66
19.67
19.5.3 Extent of duty and sanctions for non-compliance
19.68
19.5.4 Evidential status of statements in response
19.69
19.5.5 Discharge and variation
19.70
19.6 Account Monitoring Orders
19.71
19.6.1 Applications
19.72
19.73
19.6.2 Extent of duty and sanctions for non-compliance
19.74
19.6.3 Evidential status of statements in response
19.75
19.76
19.6.4 Discharge and variation
19.77
19.7 Disclosure Orders
19.78
19.79
19.8 Criminal Confiscation and Civil Recovery
19.80
19.81
19.82
19.8.1 Confiscation and restraint in criminal proceedings
19.83
19.8.1.1 The Proceeds of Crime enquiry
19.84
19.8.1.2 Jurisdiction
19.85
19.8.1.3 Delay and appeals
19.86
19.8.1.4 Restraint orders
19.87
19.88
19.89
19.8.2 Civil recovery
19.8.2.1 Introduction
19.90
19.8.2.2 Scope
19.91
19.8.2.3 Relationship with criminal law
19.92
19.93
19.94
19.95
19.96
19.8.2.4 Civil liberties versus civil recoveries
19.97
19.98
19.8.2.5 Investigatory powers
19.99
19.8.3 Recovery orders in detail
19.8.3.1 Definitions
19.100
19.8.3.2 Exceptions
19.101
19.8.3.3 Limitation
19.102
19.8.3.4 Interim receiving orders
19.103
19.104
19.8.3.5 The role of trustees for civil recovery
19.105
19.106
19.9 The Proceeds of Crime Inquiry
19.107
19.10 Voluntary Provision of Assistance—A New Model?
19.108
19.109
19.110
19.111
20 Anti-terrorism Legislation
Preliminary Material
20.1 Introduction and Overview
20.01
20.02
20.03
20.04
20.05
20.06
20.2 Terrorism Act 2000
20.07
20.2.1 Key concepts and definitions
20.08
20.09
20.2.2 Financial information and account monitoring orders
Financial information orders
20.10
Applications
20.11
Form and effect
20.12
20.13
Customer information
20.14
Sanctions for non-compliance
20.15
20.16
Confidential status of information supplied
20.17
20.18
Account monitoring orders
20.19
Applications
20.20
Form and effect of order
20.21
Variation and discharge
20.22
Evidential status of information supplied
20.23
20.2.3 Forfeiture and restraint following conviction
Forfeiture
20.24
Procedure
20.25
20.26
20.27
20.28
Restraint
20.29
Applications
20.30
Variation and discharge
20.31
Seizure of property subject to restraint
20.32
20.33
20.34
20.3 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
20.3.1 Freezing orders
20.35
20.36
20.37
The nature of the order
20.38
20.39
20.40
Constituent elements of the order
20.41
20.42
20.43
20.44
20.45
20.46
20.47
20.48
20.3.2 Seizure, detention, and forfeiture of suspected terrorist cash
20.49
20.50
Seizure
20.51
20.52
20.53
20.54
20.55
20.56
Forfeiture
20.57
20.58
20.59
20.60
Release
20.61
20.62
Compensation
20.63
20.4 Terrorist Asset-Freezing etc Act 2010
20.4.1 Introduction
Background
20.64
Source legislation
20.65
Overview
20.66
20.4.2 Interim and final designations
Treasury powers
20.67
20.68
20.69
20.70
20.71
20.72
Appeals
20.73
Confidentiality provisions
20.74
Dealing with funds
20.75
Definitions
20.76
20.77
Defences
20.78
Licences
20.79
20.4.3 Information disclosure
Reporting obligations regarding designated persons
20.80
Treasury’s powers to request information
20.81
20.82
20.83
20.84
20.85
Offences
20.86
Information safeguards
20.87
20.4.4 International cooperation
20.88
20.5 The Role of the Wider UK Enforcement and Intelligence Community
20.5.1 National Crime Agency
20.89
20.5.2 Information gateways
20.90
20.5.3 UK Security Service
20.91
20.92
20.93
20.94
20.95
20.6 Serious Crime Act 2007
20.6.1 Introduction
20.96
20.6.2 Definitions
Involvement in serious crime
20.97
Serious offence
20.98
20.6.3 Application
20.99
20.100
20.101
20.102
20.103
20.6.4 Form and effect
20.104
20.105
20.106
20.6.5 Variation or discharge
20.107
20.6.6 Appeal
20.108
20.109
20.6.7 Disclosure, monitoring, and use of information
Disclosure
20.110
20.111
Information safeguards and confidentiality restrictions
20.112
20.113
20.114
Monitoring
20.115
Use of disclosed information
20.116
20.117
20.6.8 Enforcement mechanisms
Section 25 offence
20.118
Forfeiture
20.119
Winding up
20.120
B Obtaining Assistance
21 Judicial Cooperation Including Obtaining Evidence
Preliminary Material
21.1 Introduction
21.01
21.02
21.2 Evidence (Proceedings in Other Jurisdictions) Act 1975
21.03
21.04
21.05
21.06
21.07
21.08
21.3 The Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003
21.09
21.10
21.11
21.12
21.13
21.14
21.15
21.16
21.4 Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil and Commercial Matters (1970)
21.17
21.18
21.19
21.20
21.21
21.22
21.23
21.24
21.5 Taking of Evidence Regulation
21.25
21.26
21.27
21.28
21.29
21.6 Bilateral Agreements
21.30
21.31
21.7 Other Forms of Judicial Cooperation
21.32
Part VII United States-United Kingdom Issues
22 Cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom in the Prevention and Prosecution of Financial Crime
Preliminary Material
22.1 Introduction
22.01
22.02
22.2 The US-UK MLAT
22.03
22.04
22.05
22.06
22.07
22.3 The US-UK Extradition Treaty
22.08
22.09
22.10
22.11
22.12
22.13
22.4 Letters Rogatory
22.14
22.15
22.16
22.5 Cooperative Regulatory Partnerships
22.17
22.18
22.6 Informal Cooperative Mechanisms
22.19
22.20
22.21
22.7 Cooperative Efforts on the Horizon
22.22
23 Extraterritorial Application of US Law
Preliminary Material
23.1 Introduction
23.01
23.02
23.2 General US Law of Extraterritoriality
23.03
23.04
23.3 Recent Cases Applying the Presumption against Extraterritoriality
23.05
Microsoft Corp v AT&T Corp
23.06
Morrison v National Australia Bank Ltd
23.07
23.08
Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co
23.09
RJR Nabisco, Inc v European Community
23.10
23.11
23.12
23.13
23.4 The Definition of ‘Extraterritorial’ for Purposes of Applying the Presumption
23.14
23.15
23.16
23.17
23.18
23.19
23.20
23.21
23.5 Extraterritorial Effects of US Laws
23.22
23.23
Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co
23.24
23.25
23.26
23.27
23.28
23.29
Mossack Fonseca Leaks
23.30
23.31
23.32
Office of Foreign Asset Control
23.33
23.34
23.35
Conflicting privacy protections
23.36
23.37
23.38
23.39
23.40
23.41
23.42
23.43
Planning for future compliance with US law
23.44
23.45
23.6 Specific Statutes with Extraterritorial Applications or Effects
23.46
Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
23.47
23.48
23.49
23.50
23.51
23.52
23.53
Penalties
23.54
23.55
23.56
23.57
International Emergency Economic Powers Act
23.58
23.59
23.60
23.61
North Korea Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR § 510 (75 Fed Reg 67912)
23.62
Iranian Transactions Regulations, 31 CFR § 560
23.63
23.64
Iranian Assets Control Regulations, 31 CFR § 535
23.65
Iraqi Stabilization and Insurgency Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR § 576, 75 Fed Reg 55464
23.66
Terrorism, 31 CFR §§ 595, 596, 597 and Executive Order 13224
23.67
Colombian Narcotics Trafficking. Executive Order 12978
23.68
Burma (Myanmar), Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003, 31 CFR § 537 and Executive Order 13310
23.69
Sudan, 31 CFR § 538 and Executive Orders 13067 and 13399
23.70
Diamond trading, Clean Diamond Trade Act, Executive Order 13312, 31 CFR § 592
23.71
Former Liberian Regime of Charles Taylor, 31 CFR § 593, Executive Order 13348
23.72
The Balkans, Executive Order 13219 and 13304
23.73
Zimbabwe, Executive Order 13391, 31 CFR § 541
23.74
Syria, Executive Order 13685, 31 CFR § 542
23.75
Côte d’Ivoire, Executive Order 13396, 31 CFR § 543
23.76
Belarus, Executive Order 13405, 31 CFR § 548
23.77
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Executive Order 13413, 31 CFR § 547
23.78
23.79
23.80
23.81
23.82
23.83
23.84
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Public Law 104-132, 110 Stat 1214-1319
23.85
23.86
The Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act
23.87
23.88
23.89
23.90
23.91
23.7 Statutes Administered by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
23.92
23.93
23.94
23.95
23.96
23.97
23.98
23.99
Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, 31 USC § 5324, 18 USC §§ 1956 and 1957
23.100
23.101
23.102
23.103
23.104
23.105
USA PATRIOT Act
23.106
23.107
23.108
23.109
23.110
23.111
23.112
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
23.113
23.114
23.115
23.116
23.117
Part VIII The Future of the International Law of Tainted Money
24 Virtual Currencies, Artificial Intelligence, and Emerging Legal Questions
Preliminary Material
24.1 Introduction
24.01
24.2 The Technology: Background
24.02
24.2.1 Virtual currencies
24.03
24.2.1.1 Distributed ledgers and blockchain
24.04
24.05
24.06
24.07
24.08
24.09
24.2.1.2 Private key cryptography
24.10
24.11
24.2.1.3 Anonymity
24.12
24.13
24.2.1.4 Scarcity through the use of computer time
24.14
24.15
24.16
24.2.2 Artificial intelligence
24.17
24.18
24.19
24.20
24.2.3 Machine learning
24.21
24.22
24.23
24.24
24.25
24.3 A Problem of Definition: Is Virtual Currency Money?
24.26
24.27
24.28
24.29
24.30
24.31
24.32
24.33
24.34
24.35
24.36
24.37
24.38
24.39
24.4 Virtual Currency and Money Laundering Risk
24.40
24.41
24.42
24.43
24.44
24.45
24.46
24.47
24.48
24.49
24.50
24.5 Policy and Legislative Initiatives
24.51
24.5.1 UK policy position
24.52
24.53
24.54
24.55
24.5.2 Approaches in the Commonwealth
24.56
24.5.3 European Commission Action Plan (2016)
24.57
24.58
24.59
24.60
24.5.4 US federal and state responses
24.61
24.62
24.63
24.6 Bitcoins and Private Law Claims
24.6.1 Introduction
24.64
24.65
24.66
24.67
24.68
24.69
24.6.2 Conflicts issues
24.70
24.71
24.72
24.73
24.74
24.6.3 Security over bitcoins
24.75
24.76
24.77
24.78
24.79
24.80
24.6.4 Claims and remedies
24.81
24.82
24.83
24.84
24.85
24.7 Conclusion: Societal Issues Raised by Virtual Currency and AI
24.86
24.87
24.88
24.89
24.90
24.91
24.92
24.93
24.94
24.95
Further Material
Index
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Table of Legislation and Documents
Edited By: William Blair, Richard Brent, Tom Grant
From:
Banks and Financial Crime: The International Law of Tainted Money (2nd Edition)
Edited By: William Blair, Richard Brent, Tom Grant
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Financial Law [FBL]
Published in print:
26 January 2017
ISBN:
9780198716587
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