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- Preliminary Material
- Main Text
- 1 Background and Introduction to the Regulation
- I The Recast Brussels I Regulation (Regulation 1215/2012)
- II Ancestry
- III Review of the Original Brussels I Regulation
- IV The Commission Proposal
- V The Legislative Process
- VI Amendment of the Recast Regulation in Relation to the Common Courts
- VII Treaty Base
- VIII The Outcome of the Legislative Process—the 2001 and Recast Regulations Compared
- IX Approach to Interpretation
- 1 National courts and the Court of Justice
- 2 General principles
- 3 Recitals
- 4 The relevance of travaux préparatoires
- 5 Significance of the Brussels Convention, Lugano Conventions, and the 2001 Regulation
- 6 Link to the Rome I and Rome II Regulations
- X The Regulation’s Relationship with Other Instruments
- 1 The 2001 Regulation
- 2 The Brussels Convention
- 3 The EC–Denmark Agreement
- 4 The Lugano Convention
- 5 Other EU legislative instruments applicable to civil and commercial matters
- A Introduction
- B Insolvency Regulation (Regulation 1246/2000)
- C Evidence Regulation (Regulation 1206/2001)
- D European Enforcement Order Regulation (Regulation 805/2004)
- E European Order for Payment Regulation (Regulation 1896/2006)
- F European Small Claims Regulation (Regulation 861/2007)
- G European Account Preservation Order Regulation (Regulation 655/2014)
- H Legislation on Uniform EU Intellectual Property Rights
- XI The Regulation’s Relationship with National Law and Procedure
- XII Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
- XIII The Brussels I Regulation and Third States
- XIV User Guide
- 2 Scope and Definitions
- I Scope
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Key features
- 3 Commentary
- A Positive definition of the Regulation’s substantive scope
- B Fields excluded from the Regulation’s substantive scope—general observations
- C Family law matters (Art 1(2)(a))
- D Insolvency (Art 1(2)(b))
- E Social security (Art 1(2(c))
- F Arbitration (Art 1(2)(d))
- G Maintenance obligations (Art 1(2)(e))
- H Wills and succession (Art 1(2)(f))
- 4 Application of the Recast Regulation to Denmark
- II Definitions
- I Scope
- 3 Jurisdiction—General Provisions
- I Jurisdiction Based on Domicile in a Member State
- II Suit Otherwise than in the Court’s of the Defendant’s Domicile
- III Article 6
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Comment
- 4 Special Jurisdiction
- I Special Jurisdiction for Particular Kinds of Claims (Art 7)
- II Key Features of Art 7
- III Guidelines to the Interpretation and Application of Art 7
- IV Jurisdiction for Contractual Matters (Art 7(1))
- V Jurisdiction in Matters Relating to Tort, Delict, or Quasi-Delict (Art 7(2))
- VI Jurisdiction Linked to Criminal Proceedings (Art 7(3))
- VII Jurisdiction for the Retrieval of Cultural Objects (Art 7(4))
- VIII Jurisdiction over Establishments (Art 7(5))
- IX Jurisdiction Relating to Trusts (Art 7(6))
- X Jurisdiction Relating to Salvage (Art 7(7))
- XI Derived Special Jurisdiction (Art 8)
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Key features
- 3 Claims against co-defendants (Art 8(1))
- 4 Third-party proceedings (Art 8(2))
- 5 Art 8(3)—counterclaims arising from the same contract or facts
- 6 Art 8(4)—contractual claim and action on rights in rem on immovable property
- XII Special Jurisdiction in Shipping Cases—Limitation of Liability (Art 9)
- 5 Jurisdiction in Matters Relating to Insurance
- I The General Framework
- II Proceedings against Insurers Domiciled or Deemed to be Domiciled in a Member State
- III Additional Forum in Liability Insurance and Insurance of Immovable Property Cases
- IV Liability Insurance—Joinder and Direct Actions
- V Proceedings against Member State Domiciled Policyholders, Insured, and Beneficiaries
- VI Restrictions upon Choice-of-Court Agreements
- 6 Jurisdiction over Consumer Contracts
- I The General Framework
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Scope of application
- 3 Recognition and enforcement
- II Jurisdiction of Member State Courts in Consumer Contract Cases
- III Restrictions upon Choice-of-Court Agreements
- I The General Framework
- 7 Jurisdiction over Individual Contracts of Employment
- I The General Framework
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Comment
- A Matters relating to individual contracts of employment
- B Disputes arising out of the operations of a branch, agency, or other establishment (Art 7(5))
- C Joinder of defendants in employment cases (Art 8(1))
- D Application to non-EU-domiciled defendants (Arts 6, 21(2))
- E Extended definition of domicile in employment cases (Art 20(2))
- II Claims of Employees against Employers
- III Claims of Employers against Employees
- IV Restrictions upon Choice-of-Court Agreements
- I The General Framework
- 8 Exclusive Jurisdiction
- Article 24 (2001 Regulation, Art 22)
- I General Remarks
- II Exclusive Jurisdiction Relating to Immovable Property (Art 24(1))
- III Exclusive Jurisdiction Relating to Companies (Art 24(2))
- IV Exclusive Jurisdiction concerning Entries in Public Registers (Art 24(3))
- V Exclusive Jurisdiction Related to Intellectual Property Rights (Art 24(4))
- VI Exclusive Jurisdiction Relating to the Enforcement of Judgments (Art 24(5))
- 9 Prorogation of Jurisdiction
- I Choice-of-Court Agreements
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Structure of the provision
- 3 The validity and effect of choice-of-court agreements under the Regulation (Art 25(1)–(2))
- A Scope of application
- B Requirements for the validity of a choice-of-court agreement
- C Formal validity
- D Material validity
- E Particular cases: company statutes, bills of lading, chain of contracts, and agreements affecting a third party’s rights
- F Designation of the court
- G The nature of the choice-of-court agreement—exclusive and alternative clauses
- H Scope of the agreement
- 4 Choice-of-court provisions in trust instruments (Art 25(3))
- 5 Relationship with other provisions of the Regulation (Art 25(4))
- 6 Severability of a choice-of-court agreement from the main contract
- II Submission by Appearance
- I Choice-of-Court Agreements
- 10 Examination as to Jurisdiction and Admissibility
- I Introduction and Legislative History
- II The Role of National Procedural Law in Establishing Jurisdiction
- III Obligation to Decline Jurisdiction where Another Member State Court has Exclusive Jurisdiction (Art 27)
- IV Review of Jurisdiction Prior to Granting a Judgment in Default of Appearance (Art 28)
- 11 Lis Pendens and Related Actions
- I Introduction to Arts 29–34
- II Lis Pendens and Related Actions in Another Member State
- III Related Actions in Another Member State
- IV Lis Pendens and Exclusive Jurisdiction
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Situations of multiple exclusive jurisdiction (Art 31(1))
- 3 Lis pendens and exclusive choice-of-court agreements (Art 31(2)–(4))
- V Autonomous Determination of the Time at which the Court was Seised
- VI Lis Pendens and Related Actions in Non-Member States
- 12 Provisional Measures
- 13 The Recognition and Enforcement of Member State Judgments
- I Introduction
- II The Recognition of Member State Judgments
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 The concept of ‘recognition’ (Art 36(1))
- 3 The scope of a judgment’s authority and effectiveness
- 13.20
- 13.21
- A The effects of judgments under national law
- B The law applicable to the effectiveness of a judgment: the doctrine of extension
- C The doctrine of extension in practice
- D Effects to be determined under a law other than the law of the State of origin
- E Criticisms of the doctrine of extension
- F The emergence of competing doctrines
- 4 Self-standing declaratory proceedings (Art 36(2))
- 5 Recognition as an incidental question (Art 36(3))
- 6 Documentary requirements for recognition
- 7 Suspension of the proceedings in which recognition is invoked
- III The Enforcement of Member State Judgments
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Automatic enforceability of Member State judgments
- 3 Provisional and protective measures of enforcement
- 4 The enforcement procedure
- 5 Documentation required for enforcement purposes
- A Introduction and legislative history
- B Comment
- 6 Formal notification of the judgment to the person against whom enforcement is sought
- 7 Suspension or limitation of enforcement proceedings
- IV The Refusal of Recognition and Enforcement
- 1 Refusal of recognition
- A Introduction and legislative history
- B The requirement of an ‘interested party’
- C Public policy of the enforcing State (Art 45(1)(a))
- a) Introduction
- b) The Commission’s failed attempt to narrow the public policy exception in the Brussels I regime
- c) The operation of the Art 45(1)(a) public policy exception to the recognition of a judgment
- d) The relationship between the public policy exception and the other Art 45 exceptions
- e) The definition and scope of public policy—national law and EU law
- f) The CJEU’s supervisory guidance on the outer limits of public policy and the legitimate use of the exceptions
- g) The scope of public policy in Member State legal systems
- D Judgments given in the defendant’s absence (Art 45(1)(b))
- a) Introduction
- b) A judgment given in default of the defendant’s appearance
- c) The defendant failed to commence proceedings to challenge the judgment when it was possible for him to do so
- d) Was the defendant served with the document which instituted the proceedings (or with an equivalent of this document) in sufficient time to organize his defence?
- i) Introduction
- ii) The modified Brussels I service requirement and the policy of safeguarding of the rights of the defence
- iii) The ‘examination’ by the court in the MS addressed of whether the fact and adequacy of the ‘service’ was sufficient to protect the rights of the defence
- iv) ‘Sufficient time’
- v) ‘ … and in such a way as to enable him to arrange for his defence’
- e) Conclusion
- E Irreconcilable judgments (Art 45(1)(c) and (d))
- F Conflict with certain rules of jurisdiction within the Regulation (Art 45(1)(e) and 45(2))
- G The jurisdictional enquiry and public policy (Art 45(3))
- H Procedures and other rules for refusal of recognition of a judgment (Art 45(4))
- 2 Refusal of enforcement
- 3 Procedural aspects of the application for refusal
- 4 The requirement for a prompt decision
- 5 Appeal against a decision on refusal
- 6 The possibility of a further appeal
- 7 Stay of the refusal proceedings
- 1 Refusal of recognition
- V Common Provisions
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Prohibition on review of the substance of a judgment (Art 52)
- 3 Certification of a judgment by the Member State of origin (Art 53)
- 4 The adaptation of measures not known in the Member State addressed (Art 54)
- A Introduction and legislative history
- B The obligation to adapt unknown measures or orders in Regulation judgments (Art 54(1))
- C Appeals against adaptation measures (Art 54(2))
- D Translation or transliteration of a judgment (Art 54(3))
- 5 The enforcement of penalty provisions in Member State judgments (Art 55)
- 6 Prohibition on the requirement of security (Art 56)
- 7 The provision of translations or transliterations (Art 57)
- 14 Authentic Instruments and Court Settlements
- I Authentic Instruments (Arts 58 and 60)
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Authentic instruments in the legal systems of the Member States
- 3 The autonomous concept of an ‘authentic instrument’ under the Recast Regulation
- 4 Enforcement procedure (Art 58(1), second paragraph)
- 5 Grounds for refusal of enforcement
- 6 Manifest incompatibility with public policy of the enforcing Member State
- 7 The recognition of authentic instruments
- II Court Settlements (Art 59)
- III The Certification of Authentic Instruments and Court Settlements by the Member State of Origin (Art 60)
- I Authentic Instruments (Arts 58 and 60)
- 15 General Provisions
- 16 Transitional Provisions
- 17 Relationship with Other Instruments
- I Introduction and Brief Legislative History
- II Relationship with Other EU Instruments (Art 67)
- III Relationship with the 1968 Brussels Convention (Art 68)
- IV Relationship with Pre-Existing Conventions as between the Member States (Arts 69 and 70)
- V Relationship with International Conventions on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Particular Matters (Art 71)
- VI Conventions with Third States for the Non-Recognition of Member State Judgments (Art 72)
- VII The 2007 Lugano Convention, 1958 New York Convention, and Bilateral Conventions with Third States
- 1 Introduction and legislative history
- 2 Relationship with the 2007 Lugano Convention (Art 73(1))
- A Introduction
- B Purpose and content of the 2007 Lugano Convention
- C Interpretation of the 2007 Lugano Convention
- D Relationship between the Recast Regulation and the 2007 Lugano Convention (Art 73(1) and Convention, Art 64)
- a) Introduction
- b) Absence of a general principle of priority?
- c) Priority of the 2007 Lugano Convention in specific cases (Convention, Art 64(2))
- 17.52
- i) Priority in relation to rules of jurisdiction
- ii) Domicile in an EFTA Lugano State
- iii) Exclusive jurisdiction of an EFTA Lugano State (2007 Lugano Convention, Art 22)
- iv) Choice-of-court agreement in favour of an EFTA Lugano State
- v) Irrelevance of other contacts with an EFTA State
- vi) Priority of the 2007 Lugano Convention in situations of lis pendens and related actions
- d) Recognition and enforcement of judgments as between Member States and EFTA Lugano States (Convention, Art 64(2)(c) and (3))
- 3 Relationship with the New York Convention
- 4 Bilateral conventions with third States
- 18 Final Provisions
- 1 Background and Introduction to the Regulation
- Further Material
- Appendix 1A Recast Regulation—English Language (with Annexes)
- [2012] OJ L351/1
- Ch.I Scope and Definitions
- Ch.II Jurisdiction
- s.1 General provisions
- s.2 Special jurisdiction
- s.3 Jurisdiction in matters relating to insurance
- s.4 Jurisdiction over consumer contracts
- s.5 Jurisdiction over individual contracts of employment
- s.6 Exclusive jurisdiction
- s.7 Prorogation of jurisdiction
- s.8 Examination as to jurisdiction and admissibility
- s.9 Lis pendens—related actions
- s.10 Provisional, including protective, measures
- Ch.III Recognition and Enforcement
- Ch.IV Authentic Instruments and Court Settlements
- Ch.V General Provisions
- Ch.VI Transitional Provisions
- Ch.VII Relationship With Other Instruments
- Ch.VIII Final Provisions
- Appendix 1B Recast Regulation—French Language (Annexes omitted)
- Ch.I Portée et Définitions
- Ch.II Compétence
- s.1 Dispositions générales
- s.2 Compétences spéciales
- s.3 Compétence en matière d’assurances
- s.4 Compétence en matière de contrats conclus par les consommateurs
- s.5 Compétence en matière de contrats individuels de travail
- s.6 Compétences exclusives
- s.7 Prorogation de compétence
- s.8 Vérification de la compétence et de la recevabilité
- s.9 Litispendance et connexité
- s.10 Mesures provisoires et conservatoires
- Ch.III Reconnaissance et Exécution
- Ch.IV Actes Authentiques et Transactions Judiciaires
- Ch.V Dispositions Générales
- Ch.VI Dispositions Transitoires
- Ch.VII Relations Avec Les Autres Instruments
- Ch.VIII Dispositions Finales
- Appendix 1C Recast Regulation—German Language (Annexes omitted)
- Kapitel I Anwendungsbereich und Begriffsbestimmungen
- Kapitel II Zuständigkeit
- Abschnitt 1 Allgemeine Bestimmungen
- Abschnitt 2 Besondere Zuständigkeiten
- Abschnitt 3 Zuständigkeit Für Versicherungssachen
- Abschnitt 4 Zuständigkeit bei Verbrauchersachen
- Abschnitt 5 Zuständigkeit für individuelle Arbeitsverträge
- Abschnitt 6 Ausschließliche Zuständigkeiten
- Abschnitt 7 Vereinbarung über die Zuständigkeit
- Abschnitt 8 Prüfung der Zuständigkeit und der Zulässigkeit des Verfahrens
- Abschnitt 9 Anhängigkeit und im Zusammenhang stehende Verfahren
- Abschnitt 10 Einstweilige Maßnahmen einschließlich Sicherungsmaßnahmen
- Kapitel III Anerkennung und Vollstreckung
- Kapitel IV Öffentliche Urkunden und Gerichtliche Vergleiche
- Kapitel V Allgemeine Vorschriften
- Kapitel VI Übergangsvorschriften
- Kapitel VII Verhältnis zu Anderen Rechtsinstrumenten
- Kapitel VIII Schlussvorschriften
- Appendix 2 Comparison of 2001 Regulation and Recast Regulation
- Appendix 3 Commission Proposal (Annexes omitted)
- Appendix 4 Explanatory Statement within the Final Report of the EP Legal Affairs (JURI) Committee
- Appendix 5 Information Published by the Commission Pursuant to Art 76
- Select Bibliography
- Index
- Appendix 1A Recast Regulation—English Language (with Annexes)
- [3.235.188.113]
- 3.235.188.113
