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- Preliminary Material
- Dedication
- Suggested form of citation:
- Preface to the Second Edition
- Preface to the First Edition
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Abbreviations
- Table of Transnational Instruments
- Table of National Instruments
- Argentina
- Austria
- Belgium
- Brazil
- Canada
- Chile
- Cuba
- Czech Republic
- Czechoslovakia
- Denmark
- Estonia
- France
- German Democratic Republic
- Germany
- Greece
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Korea
- Latvia
- Liberia
- Libya
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nordic Countries
- Panama
- Paraguay
- People’s Republic of China
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Côte d’Ivoire
- Romania
- Russian Federation
- Scandinavia
- Serbia
- Singapore
- Slovak Republic
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Statutory Instruments
- USA
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Table of Cases
- UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2010): Full Text in all Official Language Versions
- Table of Correspondence of the Articles of the 1994, 2004, and 2010 Editions of the PICC
- General Bibliography
- Main Text
- Introduction
- Preamble I
- Purposes, legal nature, and scope of the PICC; applicability by courts; use of the PICC for the purpose of interpretation and supplementation and as a model
- Preliminary Material
- I Purposes and legal nature of the PICC
- II Scope of the PICC (paragraph 1 of the Preamble)
- III Applicability by courts (paragraphs 2–4 of the Preamble)
- 30
- 1 The function of paragraphs 2–4
- 2 Applicability as law chosen by the parties (paragraph 2 of the Preamble)
- 3 The PICC as general principles of law or lex mercatoria (paragraph 3 of the Preamble)
- 4 Applicability without a choice by the parties (paragraph 4 of the Preamble)
- 5 Application where choice of law rules do not yield results
- 6 Application as trade usage or custom
- VI Use for the purposes of interpretation and supplementation (paragraphs 5–6 of the Preamble)
- V Use as a model (paragraph 7 of the Preamble)
- Purposes, legal nature, and scope of the PICC; applicability by courts; use of the PICC for the purpose of interpretation and supplementation and as a model
- Preamble II
- The use of the PICC in arbitration
- Preliminary Material
- I Application of the PICC as the lex contractus
- II Use of the PICC to supplement or interpret the lex contractus
- III Use of the PICC by arbitral tribunals in situations not dealt with in the Preamble
- IV The role of the PICC where arbitrators decide ex aequo et bono
- V Challenge and enforcement of an arbitral award based on the PICC rather than on a domestic law
- VI Application of the PICC to arbitration agreements
- The use of the PICC in arbitration
- Ch.1 General Provisions
- Introduction to Chapter 1 of the PICC
- General Provisions I: Arts 1.1–1.3—Fundamental principles
- General Provisions II: Arts 1.4–1.5—Mandatory rules
- General Provisions III: Arts 1.6–1.12—Application of the PICC
- Preliminary Material
- Art.1.6
- Art.1.7
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Scope of the obligation to act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing
- III Standard of good faith and fair dealing
- IV Practical relevance of Art 1.7
- V Consequences of failure to act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing
- VI No exclusion or limitation of the obligation, Art 1.7(2)
- VII Burden of proof
- Art.1.8
- Art.1.9
- Art.1.10
- Art.1.11
- Art.1.12
- Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents
- s.1: Formation
- Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer
- Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance
- Art.2.1.6
- Art.2.1.7
- Art.2.1.8
- Art.2.1.9
- Art.2.1.10
- Art.2.1.11
- Art.2.1.12
- Art.2.1.13
- Art.2.1.14
- Formation III: Arts 2.1.15–2.1.16—Negotiations
- Preliminary Material
- Art.2.1.15
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Freedom to negotiate
- III Liability arising in the pre-contractual sphere
- IV Consequences
- V Exclusion or limitation of liability
- VI Burden of proof
- Art.2.1.16
- Formation IV: Arts 2.1.17–2.1.18—Integrity of writing
- Formation V: Arts 2.1.19–2.1.22—Standard terms
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Arts 2.1.19–2.1.22
- Art.2.1.19
- Preliminary Material
- I Definition of ‘standard terms’
- II General rules on formation apply
- III Express incorporation
- 10
- 1 Standard terms contained in the contractual document
- 2 Standard terms contained in a separate document, electronic file, or on the reverse of a contractual document
- IV Implied incorporation
- V Special requirements for incorporation of arbitration and jurisdiction clauses
- Art.2.1.20
- Art.2.1.21
- Art.2.1.22
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Battle of forms and the general rules on offer and acceptance
- III Requirements for application of the knock-out rule
- IV Result of applying the knock-out rule
- V Battle of conflicting choice of law clauses and jurisdiction clauses
- VI Other possible solutions to the battle of forms and the case for the knock-out doctrine
- s.2: Authority of agents
- Preliminary Material
- Art.2.2.1
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Scope of Section 2.2 of the PICC
- III No definition of ‘agent’
- IV Legal relations ‘by or with respect to a contract’
- V Authority to affect the legal relations of another person
- VI Agent acting in its own name or in that of the principal
- VII Internal aspects of agency
- VIII Agency by operation of law excluded
- Art.2.2.2
- Art.2.2.3
- Art.2.2.4
- Art.2.2.5
- Art.2.2.6
- Art.2.2.7
- Art.2.2.8
- Art.2.2.9
- Art.2.2.10
- Ch.3 Validity
- Introduction to Chapter 3 of the PICC
- s.1: General provisions
- Art.3.1.1
- Art.3.1.2
- Art.3.1.3
- Art.3.1.4
- s.2: Grounds for avoidance
- Art.3.2.1
- Art.3.2.2
- Art.3.2.3
- Art.3.2.4
- Art.3.2.5
- Art.3.2.6
- Preliminary Material
- I The requirements for the threat
- II The consequences of the threat
- III Threats and third parties
- IV Exclusion of liability
- Art.3.2.7
- Art.3.2.8
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Invalidity when the other party is ‘responsible’ for the acts of the third party
- III Third persons for whom the other party is not responsible
- IV Other three-party situations
- Art.3.2.9
- Art.3.2.10
- Art.3.2.11
- Art.3.2.12
- Art.3.2.13
- Art.3.2.14
- Art.3.2.15
- Preliminary Material
- I The content of the duty to restore
- II The consequences of restitution being impossible or inappropriate
- 8
- 9
- 1 When restitution is impossible
- 2 When restitution is inappropriate
- 3 The duty to make an allowance in money if restitution is impossible or inappropriate
- 4 The allocation of the risk that performance cannot be returned due to deterioration or destruction
- 5 Deterioration or destruction after avoidance
- 6 The relationship between duties to restore and duties to pay damages
- III Application of the general rules relating to obligations to the restitutionary obligations created by Art 3.2.15
- IV Burden of proof
- Art.3.2.16
- Art.3.2.17
- s.3: Illegality
- Ch.4 Interpretation
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Chapter 4 of the PICC
- Art.4.1
- Art.4.2
- Preliminary Material
- I Statements and other conduct
- II Interpretation according to the intention of the party making the statement or engaging in the conduct, Art 4.2(1)
- III Interpretation according to the understanding of reasonable persons, Art 4.2(2)
- IV The relationship between Art 4.2(1) and (2)
- V Burden of proof
- Art.4.3
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Relevant circumstances
- 1 Words used by the parties
- 2 Internal context of the contract, Art 4.4
- 3 Preliminary negotiations between the parties, Art 4.3(a)
- 4 Practices established between the parties, Art 4.3(b)
- 5 Subsequent conduct of the parties, Art 4.3(c)
- 6 Nature and purpose of the contract, Art 4.3(d)
- 7 Meaning commonly given to terms and conditions in the trade concerned, Art 4.3(e)
- 8 Usages, Art 4.3(f)
- 9 Policy arguments
- III Weight of the relevant circumstances
- IV Burden of proof
- Art.4.4
- Art.4.5
- Art.4.6
- Art.4.7
- Art.4.8
- Ch.5 Content, third party rights and conditions
- s.1: Content
- Preliminary Material
- Art.5.1.1
- Art.5.1.2
- Art.5.1.3
- Art.5.1.4
- Art.5.1.5
- Art.5.1.6
- Art.5.1.7
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Failure to determine the price (Art 5.1.7(1))
- III Determination of the price by one of the parties (Art 5.1.7(2))
- IV Determination of the price by a third person (Art 5.1.7(3))
- V Determination of the price with reference to external factors (Art 5.1.7(4))
- VI Burden of proof
- Art.5.1.8
- Art.5.1.9
- s.2: Third party rights
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Section 5.2 of the PICC
- Art.5.2.1
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II ‘Relativity’ or ‘privity’ of contracts
- III Validity of contracts in favour of third parties
- IV Conferral of a right on the third party
- V Content of the beneficiary’s right
- VI Rights of the promisee
- VII Invalidity of contracts to the detriment of third parties
- Art.5.2.2
- Art.5.2.3
- Art.5.2.4
- Art.5.2.5
- Art.5.2.6
- s.3: Conditions
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Section 5.3 of the PICC
- Art.5.3.1
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II The scope of Section 5.3
- III Defining the notion of ‘condition’
- IV The distinction between ‘suspensive’ and ‘resolutive’ conditions
- V Conditions whose fulfilment is entirely dependent on the will of the obligor
- VI Time limit stated by the condition
- VII Illegal conditions
- Art.5.3.2
- Art.5.3.3
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Interference that breaches the duties of good faith and co-operation
- III Duty to use all reasonable efforts to cause the condition to be fulfilled
- IV Remedies for interference with the fulfilment of a condition
- 10
- 1 Absence of express provision on remedies
- 2 Fictional fulfilment and non-fulfilment of the condition
- 3 Choice of remedies available to the innocent party following wrongful interference
- 4 Illustrations in the Official Comment
- 22
- (a) The interfering party prevents fulfilment of a suspensive condition
- (b) The interfering party procures fulfilment of a suspensive condition
- (c) The interfering party prevents fulfilment of a resolutive condition
- (d) The interfering party procures fulfilment of a resolutive condition
- (e) The future evolution of Art 5.3.3
- Art.5.3.4
- Art.5.3.5
- s.1: Content
- Ch.6 Performance
- s.1: Performance in general
- Preliminary Material
- Art.6.1.1
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Notion of timely performance and consequences of untimely performance
- III Time of performance fixed by the parties
- IV Time of performance according to the default rule
- V Obligee’s failure to co-operate in regard to timely performance
- VI Changes in time of performance
- VII Burden of proof
- Art.6.1.2
- Art.6.1.3
- Preliminary Material
- I Content and scope of application
- II Definition of partial performance
- III Status of the obligee
- IV Legal consequences of acceptance or rejection of partial performance
- V Special topics: right of rejection in case of only partly possible performance, defective performance, and performance in excess
- VI Burden of proof
- Art.6.1.4
- Preliminary Material
- I Content and scope of application
- II The role of Art 6.1.4 in determining the time of performance for the counter-performance
- III The role of Art 6.1.4 in determining the order of performance of due obligations
- IV Performances to be taken into consideration when determining the time and order of performance
- V Legal consequences of disregarding the order of performance
- VI Burden of proof
- Art.6.1.5
- Art.6.1.6
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Relevance of place of performance
- III Place of performance determined or determinable from the contract
- IV Default rule for determining place of performance
- V Place of performance for non-performance and restitution claims
- VI Notion of place of business and consequences of a change in place of business or a change of parties
- VII Legal consequences related to performance at a wrong place
- VIII Burden of proof
- Art.6.1.7
- Art.6.1.8
- Art.6.1.9
- Art.6.1.10
- Art.6.1.11
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Costs of performance when place of performance lies with the obligor
- III Costs of performance when place of performance lies with the obligee
- IV Costs of performance when place of performance is a third place
- V Costs due to changes in the place of performance
- VI Reimbursement of costs
- Art.6.1.12
- Art.6.1.13
- Art.6.1.14
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Concept of public permission requirements
- III Party required to apply for public permission
- IV Nature of obligation to take necessary measures
- V Duty to disclose public permission requirements and to co-operate
- VI Legal effects of missing public permission
- VII Burden of proof
- Art.6.1.15
- Art.6.1.16
- Art.6.1.17
- s.2: Hardship
- s.1: Performance in general
- Ch.7 Non-performance
- s.1: Non-performance in general
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Section 7.1 of the PICC
- Art.7.1.1
- Art.7.1.2
- Art.7.1.3
- Art.7.1.4
- Art.7.1.5
- Art.7.1.6
- Art.7.1.7
- s.2: Right to performance
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Section 7.2 of the PICC
- Art.7.2.1
- Art.7.2.2
- Preliminary Material
- I Introduction
- II Starting point: performance as the primary remedy
- III Exceptions
- Art.7.2.3
- Art.7.2.4
- Art.7.2.5
- s.3: Termination
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Section 7.3 of the PICC
- Art.7.3.1
- Preliminary Material
- I Purpose of the provision
- II Freedom of contract
- III Termination for fundamental non-performance, Art 7.3.1(1) and (2)
- 1 Non-performance
- 2 Fundamental non-performance
- 3 ‘Foreseeable substantial deprivation’, Art 7.3.1(2)(a)
- 4 ‘Strict compliance’, Art 7.3.1(2)(b)
- 5 ‘Intention’, Art 7.3.1(2)(c)
- 6 ‘Loss of reliance’, Art 7.3.1(2)(d)
- 7 ‘Disproportionate loss’, Art 7.3.1(2)(e)
- 8 Use of the Nachfrist procedure within the concept of fundamental non-performance
- 9 Specific case scenarios
- IV Termination after expiry of an additional period of time for performance
- V Use of the Nachfrist procedure within the doctrine of fundamental non-performance
- VI Termination for partial non-performance
- VII Burden of proof
- VIII Effects of termination
- Art.7.3.2
- Art.7.3.3
- Art.7.3.4
- Art.7.3.5
- Art.7.3.6
- Preliminary Material
- I Overview
- II Contracts to be performed at one time
- III Concurrent restitution, Art 7.3.6(1)
- IV Reasonable allowance, Art 7.3.6(2) and (3)
- V Compensation for expenses, Art 7.3.6(4)
- VI No rule concerning benefits
- VII Application of the general rules
- VIII Rights of third parties
- IX Burden of proof
- Art.7.3.7
- s.4: Damages
- s.1: Non-performance in general
- Ch.8 Set-off
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Chapter 8 of the PICC
- Art.8.1
- Art.8.2
- Art.8.3
- Art.8.4
- Art.8.5
- Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction to Chapter 9 of the PICC
- s.1: Assignment of rights
- Art.9.1.1
- Art.9.1.2
- Art.9.1.3
- Art.9.1.4
- Art.9.1.5
- Art.9.1.6
- Art.9.1.7
- Art.9.1.8
- Art.9.1.9
- Art.9.1.10
- Art.9.1.11
- Art.9.1.12
- Art.9.1.13
- Art.9.1.14
- Art.9.1.15
- Preliminary Material
- I The different undertakings
- 1 Existence of the right, Art 9.1.15(a)
- 2 Assignor entitled to assign the right, Art 9.1.15(b)
- 3 No previous assignment, no third party rights or claims, Art 9.1.15(c)
- 4 No defence from the obligor, Art 9.1.15(d)
- 5 No notice of set-off, Art 9.1.15(e)
- 6 Reimbursement of payment by the obligor, Art 9.1.15(f)
- II Effects
- III Party autonomy
- s.2: Transfer of obligations